tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-199909742024-03-19T03:35:50.112-07:00Hadley-Ives family updatePersonal and professional musings of a person in Springfield, Illinois. Sometimes I'm just expressing some opinions about current events. Sometimes I'm remembering things in my life.Eric Hadley-Iveshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07349423480178819276noreply@blogger.comBlogger218125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19990974.post-11091367920272753672020-06-06T17:53:00.001-07:002023-02-05T15:11:07.210-08:00Reviewing letters from the National Spiritual Assembly from the past few yearsI was recently asked to study letters from American National Spiritual Assembly that touched on the the issue of racism and justice. Among these was a letter from February 25, 2017. This post includes notes I took to record my thoughts as I studied that letter and some other letters from 2018 and 2019.<div><p class="p2" style="color: #151719; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="color: #151719; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;">The American NSA starts the letter by saying there are two key areas where Baha’is can/should contribute most: 1) “affirm the true of the oneness of humanity” and 2) "remove the stains of prejudice and injustice from the fabric of our society."</span></p><p class="p2" style="color: #151719; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="color: #151719; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;">So far, research on anti-racism efforts has confirmed that cooperative efforts between people of different groups helps diminish their prejudice.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>More broadly, if people will establish and sustain lasting connections in their personal or work relationships with persons of different backgrounds, their prejudices against persons of those backgrounds will (generally speaking, as a rule) tend to decrease.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The mechanism for this is probably some enhancement of empathy and love for individuals of the “outsider" group tends to influence a broader perspective that is less prejudiced against all persons of that group. We’ve known about this since the late 1950s, and it's been replicated many times. The emphasis on “oneness of humanity” will therefore work, if it is built around helping people establish collaborative or affective relationships with persons of other backgrounds.</span></p><p class="p2" style="color: #151719; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="color: #151719; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;">The other method for diminishing prejudice came after the technology of measuring implicit racism by studying differences in reaction times between identifying matches or mis-matches between words and images. Reactions tend to be quicker when preferred group images or words were paired with positive words or images and oppressed group images or words were paired with negative words or images. These measures of “implicit bias” revealed in a quantitative way how brains found it easier to associate African-American faces or names with negative words or images.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The technology that seems to work against this (in addition to the old standard of establishing collaborative and affective relationships with persons from the oppressed group) is a sort of hybrid mindfulness and cognitive-behavioral therapy.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Persons must become mindful of prejudicial thoughts, and learn to monitor their own thinking to detect prejudicial assumptions or thoughts or fears, and then learn to replace such prejudicial thoughts with correct non-prejudicial thoughts in a matter-of-fact and non-fearful or guilty manner. That is, if people are horrified or ashamed to recognize their prejudicial thoughts or feelings, it becomes more difficult to diminish those intrusive thoughts.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>People have to be accepting of their “racism" as a natural consequence of living in our society, and simply commit to working at replacing the racist thoughts with corrected non-racist thinking, recognizing that this is a project that will take time and effort and constant vigilance, but that it’s something everyone has to do, because the racist narratives in our society that produce these intrusive racist assumptions in our minds infect everyone (not just European-Americans or persons comfortable in their racist prejudices).<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></p><p class="p2" style="color: #151719; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="color: #151719; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;">Since the "fabric of our society” includes the mental habits of Americans, the NSA may also be calling for this sort of anti-racist cognitive work among the Baha’is. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></p><p class="p2" style="color: #151719; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="color: #151719; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;">Beyond the problems of racist thinking or prejudices in the minds of individuals, we also have policies and behaviors that perpetuate oppression, and it’s likely that the NSA is also referring to these institutionalized racism aspects of American society when they refer to “stains" on the fabric of our society. Policies and laws that perpetuate inequality or oppression are more often solved by political practice (but not necessarily partisan practice, of course, although our popular culture and media tend to depict political practice as partisan, although it need not be, and in fact often isn’t).</span></p><p class="p2" style="color: #151719; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="color: #151719; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;">The NSA uses the metaphor of a medical disorder to describe problems in American society. The symptoms (manifestations) of this disorder are, according to them:</span></p><ol class="ol1"><li class="li1" style="color: #151719; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;">Rampant materialism</span></li><li class="li1" style="color: #151719; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;">Widespread moral decay</span></li><li class="li1" style="color: #151719; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;">Deeply ingrained racial prejudice<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></li></ol><p class="p2" style="color: #151719; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="color: #151719; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;">Those are rhetorically good points to make. I doubt the second point is technically true, or quite what the NSA (or the UHJ) think it is, but moral depravity is widespread, and a problem, so I don’t make much of a fuss about whether it's increasing or decreasing or steady (I doubt it’s increasing much).</span></p><p class="p2" style="color: #151719; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="color: #151719; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;">Materialistic philosophy, and the dominance of the physicalist paradigm in popular culture and academic culture (including scientific culture) certainly feeds some of the nihilism, and the consequent emphasis on climbing the unending “hedonic ladder” trying to accumulate more and better stuff hoping it will enhance one's mood, or in contrast, despairing that life is pointless or without moral significance, and therefore we can make up anything we like to guide us. The NSA chose to blame “materialism” rather than “capitalism" because, I suppose, the toxic sort of capitalism that dominates our society and devalues life and spiritual qualities is itself a manifestation of the materialism at its root. We Baha’is are in some sense (a very limited sense) reactionary “paleo conservative” in our critique of society, because the emphasis on material development, economic growth, and the flourishing of consumer culture is something we do not favor (or oppose—we're essentially neutral to such things), while both the traditional liberal/radicals and conservative/libertarians in America take these things to be the highest good and the greatest aim of all their policies. In voicing our opposition to materialism (and as a consequence, objecting to some of the fundamental values of American economic conservatism, liberalism, and socialism) Baha’is are in a group with the paleo-conservatives, Greens, Christian socialists, and others who suggest that having more free time for sharing good experiences with family and friends, pursuing recreation and hobbies, improving the quality of our relationships to other people or the natural environment, connecting with others in more meaningful and supportive ways, or cultivating the mind or soul should be the aim of our policies and values, rather than economic growth or military power or higher levels of purchasing power, or whatever the dominant ideologies are extolling as the ultimate ends or the most effective means for achieving human happiness.</span></p><p class="p2" style="color: #151719; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="color: #151719; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;">The third point is correct, I think. However, one must be a little cautious about it.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Back in the days of Abdu’l-Baha some Baha'is and friends of the Baha’i Community (such as Alaine Locke, a Baha’i, and W. E. B. DuBois, a friend of the Baha’is who attended some Baha’i events and published essays in Baha’i publications) were aware that the Baha’i Faith identified racial prejudice as a foundational problem in American society. This was even more true in the days of Shoghi Effendi, who was rather more explicit and vocal about America’s racism being one of our fundamental or central problems. In those days, the Baha’is stood apart from most other elements of society in our emphasis on racism as a problem (I think the Father Divine cult-like movement and the American Communist Party were two of the other groups framing racism as a problem in those days). So, up until recently, when Baha’is continued to say what we have been saying since the 1910s about American racism, no one could hear that message and think the Baha’is had jumped on some sort of bandwagon about racism.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>In the past fifty years, however, anti-racist work and political action exploded, and the voices joined in emphasizing the problem of racism have included diverse opinions and perspectives, including some unsavory ones. Among Americans who are skeptical about anti-racist work there are of course the 10% to 20% who are traditional straight-out racists who openly believe in the idea that humanity is not one and African-Americans (or mixed-race, or American Indians, or whatever) are inferior. There are also a greater number (perhaps 25% to 33%) who do agree that humanity is one, but generally are skeptical of anti-racists because much of the anti-racist movement has become associated (in their minds, at least) with many other things, and some of those other things seem repugnant to this group of a quarter-to-a-third of the population that is not blatantly racist, but is cautious or opposed to some anti-racist work. To simplify too much, these are the people who don’t like David Duke, but voted for Trump. They know that sometimes people who call out racism are just virtue-signaling. They see that sometimes accusations of racism are just used to bully people and shut down a discussion. They are concerned that efforts to make our language less supportive of racism and prejudices are sometimes exerted in ways that are disrespectful or hurtful or ridiculous (“thought-police” and absurd “political correctness”). They point out that one can have principled opposition to affirmative reaction without being racist, and measures of racial prejudice that include opposition to affirmative action as measures of “bias” are unfair to those who have principled reasons, lumping them together with the people who oppose affirmative action simply because “it hurts whites and helps blacks”. That is to say, there is overlap between some conservative policy views and racist views, and to the extent that liberal or radical anti-racists are willing to perceive those areas of overlap as a manifestation of racism, they are failing to distinguish between ignorant racism and well-informed and principled conservative premises and values that are not racist, but lead to the same position.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></p><p class="p2" style="color: #151719; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="color: #151719; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;">If we already have 30%-40% of the population firmly in agreement that racism is a fundamental problem, then we need to mainly work on the undecideds and the 25% to 33% who agree that humanity is one, but don't see the necessity for prioritizing anti-racism work. We may also need to work on trying to convert some of those 10% hard-core old fashioned racists, but that’s not my priority, because that’s an inefficient use of efforts.</span></p><p class="p2" style="color: #151719; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="color: #151719; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;">But anyway, I agree that materialism is one of the central problems.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>It is the root of nihilism (and the moral depravity that is fairly common in personal behavior and political policies and practice). Materialism guides our resistance to making necessary changes to prevent climate catastrophe. Materialism guides our inability to eliminate extremes of poverty. Materialism infects human relationships and diminishes the quality of friendships and family relations. Materialism supports the acceptance of people devoting so much time to frivolous pursuits and clownish rejection of idealism and sincerity, in a celebration of irony and cynicism.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></p><p class="p2" style="color: #151719; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="color: #151719; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;">Likewise racism is one of the central problems. American racism with its specific dynamic of putting down African-Americans and other persons who aren’t identified with the hegemonic European-American majority causes health problems on a massive scale, and deprives African-Americans (on average) of several years of life and good health. To the extent that European-Americans gain advantages from it, it deprives them of moral innocence in all their successes, and diminishes the quality of their triumphs and accomplishments. The high levels of violent crime in America are rooted in racism.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The mass incarceration of Americans is rooted in racism.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The gross inequalities in wealth (and to a lesser extent, in income) are rooted in racism.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Our failure to live up to our ideals of being an efficient meritocracy where the virtue and ability of people corresponds to their life satisfaction, emotional security, and material comfort is rooted in racism. More broadly, the American racism that manifests in American fear or contempt for persons who come from lands beyond our borders may cause untold human misery in the long-run as we fail to promote good government and education and health care systems around the world, and fail to cooperate to maintain a peaceful world order and adjust our lives to avoid a climate disaster.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></p><p class="p2" style="color: #151719; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="color: #151719; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;">The NSA says that we are all suffer from the effects of the maladies.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Yes. And that is the realization that makes the mindfulness/cognitive-behavioral approach to intrusive prejudicial thoughts work; people need to realize that every individual is responsible for their little part of the wide problem, but that doesn't mean each person should feel especially guilty or ashamed, because the problem is pervasive and nearly universal, and rooted in society and culture and history, so no single person can or should take responsibility (or blame or guilt) for the whole toxic thing, we each have the responsibility to do our little part to make ourselves and the world close to us a bit better.</span></p><p class="p2" style="color: #151719; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="color: #151719; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;">According to the NSA's letter, the response to the challenge “lies in recognizing and embracing the truth… that humanity is one.”<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></p><p class="p1" style="color: #151719; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;">And who is not already embracing that truth?</span></p><p class="p1" style="color: #151719; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;">Maybe the persons denying that truth are the 42% of European-Americans who say African-Americans are “about as well-off as” or “better off than”<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>European-Americans; or the 41% of European-Americans who say “too much attention” is paid to race and racial issues in the U.S. today.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Would it include the 32% of European-Americans who believed that Obama made race relations worse in the United States?<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Maybe it's the 60% of European-Americans who did not "somewhat” or “strongly” support the Black Lives Matter movement? These are all figures from a 2016 Pew Research Center poll on race relations, and I’m trying to point out that the people who responded with these sorts of answers are probably more ignorant or prejudiced, but even among them, many might agree in the unity of humanity, and see their opinions as merely disagreements about tactics or strategies in achieving unity and justice in our society. In other words, the people who reject the unity of humanity are a minority in our society, and possibly a minority of fewer than a third of us.</span></p><p class="p2" style="color: #151719; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="color: #151719; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;">So, does recognizing the unity of humanity mean something else, and something deeper?<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Perhaps the majority of the country that would answer a survey with an agreement that “humanity is one” don’t really fully and deeply believe in the unity of humanity. That is, they may superficially agree, but they haven’t thought through the implications of that belief and incorporated their professed belief into some sort of action plan in their personal lives to promote unity.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Or, maybe it really is the case that it's that 20% to 30% who haven’t accepted the unity of humanity that is holding us back.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Clearly, to end the racial prejudices that people tolerate or lament-without-doing-much-to-solve-the-problem we do need that shared value about the unity of humanity, but how do we expect this acceptance to manifest, and how do we expect “sharing Baha’u’llah’s message” to encourage more people to accept the value?</span></p><p class="p2" style="color: #151719; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="color: #151719; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;">The NSA reminds Baha’is that our methods are supposed to not divide people into contending groups.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>We are instead supposed to bring people together in earnest and honest searches for answers.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>That is true, and it’s a point I make when I teach my students about promoting social change. The human tendency toward tribalism and creating conceptual barriers between “in-group” (deserving of our loyalty) and “out-group” (enemies or potential enemies) undermines many attempts to solve social problems. And yet, of course, it’s a fact that sometimes when you are trying to improve society there really are “enemies” who (at least on that issue you’re working on) are opposed to you and trying to discredit or attack you. You may be able to bring people of good-will together to promote an intervention or technology that is likely to reduce racism, but there will be people of ill-will opposing you, and those people will see themselves as virtuous and good. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></p><p class="p2" style="color: #151719; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="color: #151719; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;">When the NSA characterizes “current approaches that tend to divide people into contending groups” do they mean “those sort of current approaches" that tend to divide, meaning that there are some current techniques that fail because they lack love, inclusiveness, and reciprocity?<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Or, does the NSA intend to characterize “current approaches” in general as usually having that flaw of being divisive and “tribal" in targeting enemies rather than being loving and inclusive?<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The way the letter is written, it seems to me the NSA is characterizing “current techniques” in general as being divisive.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>I disagree. <i>Some</i> current techniques are divisive. Partisan political processes, in particular, have become divisive, with Democrats claiming anti-racism as their cause and Republicans to some degree rejecting anti-racism because it is associated with their rivals the Democrats. But as someone who actually researches and studies efforts to reduce prejudice and racism, it seems to me that most of the work actually being done in this area is just as the NSA promotes: inclusive and non-divisive.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Well, the mass media may be emphasizing the divisive and partisan political nature of the issue, as that sort of controversy seems more attractive to the general reading audience, and advertisers want more of an audience, so commercial media promotes narratives that accentuate divisiveness.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>But, really, within the realm of law and policy and anti-racism work in schools and communities, the leadership often comes from interfaith groups and idealistic people from across the political spectrum who are eager to collaborate on addressing the problem in inclusive ways.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>At least, these are the people are thinking about how to be effective and actually get some measurable accomplishments. But even the divisive activists may have some measurable accomplishments they are aiming toward, and if they achieve those policy objectives, even if they do so through divisive means, they may yet have a net benefit to our society. Anyway, I hope the NSA doesn’t promote a narrative that “Baha’is know how to do this work because we emphasize unity and love and inclusiveness and most current activists are failing because they are divisive and partisan” because such a narrative is not going to go over well, especially if it comes in the same letter that says we shouldn’t be divisive. Actually, putting down people who are trying their best because their techniques have flaws and claiming that you could or are doing a better job because you don’t have those flaws is itself a sort of divisive behavior in which Baha’is are promoting their own “in-group” over the out-group of non-Baha’i activists.</span></p><p class="p2" style="color: #151719; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="color: #151719; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;">When a letter says that Baha’i ideals challenge current assumptions I always try to understand what those current assumptions (the wrong assumptions, I guess) are. Also, if we are going to “revolutionize our conceptions of the relationships that should exist between individuals, society, and institutions”<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>I wonder what the NSA is talking about. Which “conceptions of the relationships that should exist between individuals, society, and institutions” are currently so off-base and wrong that we need revolutionary rethinking and change?<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Which conceptualizations? Name one. If they asked me to think of some, I could come up with a few, but they aren’t uniquely recognized by Baha’is or through the specific Baha’i Revelation.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Is there some value statement or mission statement of some group, or some opinion expressed in an editorial or implicit in some legislation that the NSA could point to and say, “see, that is the sort of conception of ideal relationships between individuals and society/institutions that has become outmoded and needs revolutionary change because of the fact that humanity is one,” or are they just writing essentially that “things are very bad now, and we’re misguided, so we need revolutionary rethinking of how society ought to be” and expressing that in the vague language of “conceptions of the relationships that should exist between individuals, society, and institutions”?<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>I just have trouble believing that this has been carefully thought out, but perhaps it has been, and some Baha'is have written about it, and I just haven't been exposed to their thinking.</span></p><p class="p2" style="color: #151719; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="color: #151719; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;">The NSA does offer the insight that there is a spiritual reality to human beings, and perhaps they mean to claim that current institutions are ignoring that fact. They also claim that there is a moral requirement that “all be given every opportunity to fulfill their potential and contribute…” and yet this is in fact an underlying moral value of American liberal thinking, according to Berkeley scholars such as George Lakoff (who says that liberal Americans approach morality in policy by using a metaphor of a nurturing family that provides what children need so they can achieve their potential) or Robert Reich (who says that liberals should frame their arguments for their policies with an argument that the public has a moral duty to offer everyone, including the children of poor and oppressed minorities, an opportunity to fulfill their potential as human beings). The idea expressed by the NSA that we need a recognition that there is a moral duty to give people the means to meet their potential in terms of growth and making contributions is also pretty fundamental to economist-philosopher Amartya Sen, or the late philosophers John Rawls and Ronald Dworkin, who sort of provide the moral philosophical bedrock for mainstream American liberalism.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></p><p class="p2" style="color: #151719; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="color: #151719; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;">Although I identify as a “Baha’i” or an “independent seeker of truth" rather than as a radical or liberal or green, and I do find the tendencies toward group-think and partisanship among self-professed radicals, liberals, and greens to be sometimes tedious, it is pretty clear to me that the moral philosophy at the foundation of most of their policy ideals is pretty much the same as what Baha’u’llah teaches, and in fact many of the artifacts of the western democratic liberal tradition, such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and subsequent conventions on human rights, as well as the social welfare safety nets that reduce the misery of poverty and the regulatory regimes that constrain the worst excesses of the wealthy power-elite and capitalists by protecting workers and consumers and the environment all seem to be manifestations of the spirit of the Baha’i Revelation in human government.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> When I was young, most conservatives shared in these beliefs, and the difference between conservatives and liberals was a matter of to what degree we ought to regulate and constrain, or redistribute and provide security, or promote human rights. It has only been since the 1990s that American conservatives have dropped out of that consensus, and really only since the Trump take-over of the Republican Party that most conservatives are rejecting the value of human rights, or a social welfare safety net, or constraints on the power of capitalists. </span></span></p><p class="p2" style="color: #151719; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="color: #151719; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;">I don't think the NSA means to attack all these things, but when one is pointing out that there are serious flaws in the existing social order, and we need revolutionary thinking about what should replace what we have now, it’s sometimes worthwhile to constrain your rhetoric to critiques of those aspects of society that are rotten and harmful. If you criticize everything, you risk failure when you attempt to bring together people in a loving and inclusive way. Some of what we have in society today is working or attempting to work, and much of what we have is informed by a conception of human beings as spiritual beings. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></p><p class="p2" style="color: #151719; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="color: #151719; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;">At the top of page 2, the NSA says that Baha’i community knows how to be a force for progress. They point to the Five Year Plan and the work of community-building and personal-and-social transformation. They are, I suppose, referring to the practice of small-group study of scripture and pilgrim’s notes incorporated into books (the "Ruhi" books) that emphasize engagement with the ideas and the practical expression of those ideas through activities, with an emphasis on devotions and children's moral education classes. I read <i>The American Baha'i</i> and follow Baha’i news online, and I'm aware that there are indeed many anecdotal examples of very good development associated with such a process. Small and intimate groups in which people discuss issues of great personal meaning (like values or spiritual reality and one's own personal struggle to be a better person) have been powerful tools for mobilization and transformation for centuries. The United Method Church was established out of a reform movement in the Anglican Church and spread widely, probably because of John Wesley's use of small groups like these.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Small groups have been key to the growth of the so-called “mega-churches”.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Small group study circles were an important tool in the spread of Maoist and Leninist ideology in China and the Soviet Union. Yes, small groups can be extremely effective technologies. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></p><p class="p2" style="color: #151719; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="color: #151719; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;">Likewise, efforts to focus on values and ideals and goals, and then translate those values into action, is a fundamental process in the entire community organizing or political action strategy. Every decent textbook on community organizing or community activism will devote significant attention to the importance of finding shared values, common visions, and a mission or purpose that all members of a group can embrace and use to guide their activities and the processes in which they attempt to achieve their goals. So, study groups that focus on values and ideals and then work cohesively to implement those values in some sort of service activity are going to have a far better chance of success than groups that do not take their values as seriously or groups that only talk about values and goals without thinking and doing things that implement those values in observable and measurable actions. The Baha’is offer some particular examples of how these techniques can work with materials drawn from Baha’i scripture and associated community writings, and it’s important to share our example, but our methods aren’t especially revolutionary or innovative.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The fact that we use Baha’i materials is perhaps the most revolutionary aspect of our processes.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>But, to some extent, our actions will be held suspect by outside observers to the extent that our efforts are seen as having a priority of proselytizing and gaining more visibility and support for our own religion, rather than purely serving the community simply for the sake of improving the world. It’s sort of an unfair criticism, since any belief system, whether religion or ideology, will naturally seek to show its advantages and attract more adherents, so any effort by any religious or ideological group will have mixed motives, and along with the goals of service and helping humanity will be mixed goals of winning more followers and allies and and cultivating a sympathetic public.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></p><p class="p2" style="color: #151719; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="color: #151719; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;">The NSA says there must be a “many-faceted approach” to changing society. For Baha'is, there are three general types of approaches that seem most relevant to the UHJ.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>One of these is “teaching" (expansion and consolidation) so that there will be more Baha’is; more Baha’is with capacity to help us achieve our goals of creating a better world though an understanding of the Revelation brought to humanity by Baha’u’llah. Another of these is social action.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>These are essentially activities of service, but they may also be engagement in non-partisan political practice (trying to get persons with power to pass and implement laws and policies that benefit people and promote justice and peace and human rights and well-being). The third is "engagement in the discourses of society” and that essentially means to listen to others and learn from them, and when a receptive audience is found, sharing any insights from the Baha’i scriptures or community practices that might be useful or helpful. The NSA is saying that the three types of approaches are all needed, and they are implying that we ought not neglect any one or two of the approaches by over-emphasizing one or two of the favored approaches.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></p><p class="p2" style="color: #151719; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="color: #151719; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;">This seems to me a new thing; expansion and consolidation is now equal to social action and engaging in public discourse. This is a good development.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>When expansion and consolidation were emphasized over the other aspects, sometimes Baha’is would act insincerely, pretending friendship or genuine interests in the lives of others, but dropping people when it became clear that they did not have much interest in joining the Baha’i Faith.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>That was a problem, and pointing out that you can engage in social action and public discourse to complement expansion and consolidation should validate a more genuine and sincere outreach by Baha'is, where they establish lasting friendships and alliances with persons of other faiths or no faith who share most of our values and want to work with us on some aspects of transforming society.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></p><p class="p2" style="color: #151719; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="color: #151719; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;">The NSA then offers a paragraph about “core activities” and briefly summarizes what these are, characterizing these as “profound and revolutionary”.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>I think they correctly suggest that genuine friendships that result from such activities will help destroy prejudice and racism. I think that there must be a very large set of combinations of activities that would work, and the current “core activities” are just one sub-set among many that would do a reasonably good job of creating an orientation toward serving humanity and developing deeper lasting friendships, given the material at hand (Baha’i scriptures and associated writings by Baha’is and their allies or like-minded persons combined with the minds of humans living in this time). The emphasis on friendships and service in Baha’i “core activities” brings benefits that are just what we should expect based on the long-known empathy increases and prejudice decreases following efforts by people of different backgrounds to cooperate together so they can to achieve something good.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></p><p class="p2" style="color: #151719; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="color: #151719; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;">In a paragraph where the NSA writes about the “spirit of learning" they are evidently referring mainly (or perhaps exclusively?) to learning about what we are accomplishing in our Baha’i communities.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Baha’is incorporate into their “core activities” a consistent practice of evaluation and reflection so that they can learn what works and what doesn't work, and the “spirit of learning” is an attitude that processes can be improved if we pay attention to what is making us feel good and what is achieving the sort of result we want, and likewise recognize what seems to be involved with our failures or lack of successes. I think there ought to also be a spirit of learning that pushed Baha’is to look at what others outside the Baha’i Faith are doing. Some people are achieving good results in community development or anti-racism work, and Baha’is ought to take notice.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>When groups are not succeeding, Baha’is also ought to take notice.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Sometimes failures may be consequences of groups not having a perspective that humans are spiritual beings, or lacking a moral perspective that emphasizes the necessity of helping people live up to their potentials. But there may be other problems faced by groups that are not-Baha’i, and some of these may offer us lessons.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Learning can work both ways, if Baha'is are to take a role as “teachers” to the world, we should remember that teachers can learn from their students, and secular groups or groups identifying as Christian or Islamic or Buddhist may have valuable lessons for us.</span></p><p class="p2" style="color: #151719; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="color: #151719; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;">It's worth remembering that ‘Abdu’l-Baha used the term “Baha’i” to describe three different groups of persons.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>At its broadest, He described Baha’is as persons who generally agreed with the teaching of Baha’u’llah and worked to implement the teachings of this Revelation.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>By that definition, many persons of other faith traditions and even some persons professing no faith tradition are Baha’is, and may sometimes be doing far more for the Baha’i Revelation than the Baha'is themselves. He also used “Baha’i” as a term for persons who identified with the Baha’i Faith in their self-concept. In that sense, Americans who call themselves “Baha’is" when asked about their religious identity are the Baha’is.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>But also, there was a habit in the first decades of the 20th century to use the term “Baha’i” or “True Baha’i” to refer to an idealized sense of how a Baha’i ought to live and behave, and by that sense, very few, and perhaps none of us could claim to be Baha’is. In this sense we aspire to be Baha’is or we hope to become Baha'is and work at being Baha’is. I sometimes think our faith community has lost something by seemingly forgetting the first and third ideas of what “being a Baha’i" means, and simply using the prosaic sense of “officially belonging to the religion headquartered in Haifa” as the only meaning of the label.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></p><p class="p2" style="color: #151719; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="color: #151719; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;">The NSA draws our attention to the example of ‘Abdu’l-Baha, although they do not specifically mention anecdotes like his insistence that he not reside in a hotel that served only European-Americans and excluded African-Americans, or that he insisted that African-American Baha’is sit closest to him in venues that had traditionally excluded all African-Americans. Anyway, it would be good if someone would produce a book full of examples of how ‘Abdu’l-Baha manifested in his “smallest gestures” and his boldest acts that humanity was one. The NSA letter just refers to “His shining example” and I hope the readers are all familiar with some of those activities and actions.</span></p><p class="p2" style="color: #151719; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="color: #151719; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;">The NSA then reminds us that most Americans want what we do.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>They mostly yearn for spirituality.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>They mostly want genuine justice and prosperity for everyone.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></p><p class="p2" style="color: #151719; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></p><p class="p2" style="color: #151719; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="color: #151719; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Later, in December (the 8th) of 2017, the NSA congratulated the American Baha’i Community for its successes in promoting awareness of Baha’u’llah in the Bicentenary of His birth. The letter reminded Baha’is to be welcoming and flexible.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>They reminded us to use wisdom, in the Arabic sense of <i>Hikmat</i>, I think, meaning: give what is wanted, and not too much, and withhold what isn’t wanted until someone is ready.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>That is, listen to people and know them as they really are, and respond to who they are with attention to their specific needs, rather than just broadcasting your own ideas as you like, regardless of your audience.</span></p><p class="p2" style="color: #151719; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="color: #151719; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;">On January 31, 2018 the NSA wrote another letter, reminding the Baha’is that we have useful solutions to problems in the world, and we must give society action so that we can make a difference. This letter also described the qualities of a good teacher, and recommended that Baha’i communities try to have these qualities, and they mentioned one quality as genuine love for all people, similar to God's love for people. They also mentioned humility and a concern for common well-being.</span></p><p class="p2" style="color: #151719; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="color: #151719; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;">The letter of December 25, 2018 written by the NSA, used Shoghi Effendi's characterization of American political life (deceitful and corrupt) and his recommendation that the American Baha’i community “first… regenerate the inward life of their own community, and next… assail the long-standing evils… in the life of [our] nation” to illustrate their point that American Baha’is ought to be putting time and effort into their religious community life and then also working to transform the broader American culture. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></p><p class="p2" style="color: #151719; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="color: #151719; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;">In a letter to participants in an African-American-themed Baha’i conference from November 27, 2019 the NSA reminded Black Baha’is of their duties to try to make the community great, and mentioned some of the African-American Baha’is who worked to promote the Faith.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></p><p class="p1" style="color: #151719; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"><br /></span></span></p><p class="p1" style="color: #151719; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><span class="Apple-converted-space">Perhaps the NSA hoped that these letters would make the audience (Baha'is) feel more committed to working to make their communities better, and then also working to make the wider society better. I do feel that after studying all these letters, I'm more motivated to contribute more time to helping my Baha'i Community and my wider community. I'm already volunteering significant quantities of time in some efforts outside the Baha'is community, or with some Baha'i friends, and I my professional life already requires me to work on some of these issues as well. Anyway, the letters has passages that were inspiring, and that is one of the uses of organized religion; it inspires us to act with virtue and find meaning and purpose in activities directed toward service. So, that was time well-spent.</span></span></p></div>Eric Hadley-Iveshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07349423480178819276noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19990974.post-69069370557455446762020-06-09T14:16:00.005-07:002022-12-08T20:04:50.025-08:00Some of my Thoughts on the Crisis of Police and Racial Injustice<p class="p1" style="font-family: "helvetica neue"; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none; font-size: medium;">Today is June 8th, and amidst the COVID-19 Pandemic of 2020, we in the United States are now seeing massive expressions of frustration and anger at racist injustice (and, I assume, economic unfairness mixed in with that, since racist injustice and economic exploitation are intertwined). We’re also seeing extremists who have lost all interest in preserving American society attempt to hijack the protests to further their own agendas (grabbing consumer goods, sparking a race war, sparking a class war, provoking more chaos so that “their side” can gain respect or the “other side” can be discredited).<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>My understanding of what goes on comes from various newspapers and websites, NPR, and the posts friends and family and colleagues and former students are making on Facebook and Instagram. There is a great deal of strong emotion, as there should be, when such injustices are brought to our attention.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "helvetica neue"; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"><span class="Apple-converted-space" style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "helvetica neue"; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none; font-size: medium;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDb1WGHu_TPiPA8nFkod5yuJxXG1yoLiU0vMsOQQDi-m2AR_bp0xHbco65QSQmCQeQbcEYcgUbw1uiWOwW5dsN98nxY2xesLViajbnxnEXFi2NHEvRqWNgERLq9FdITOPXFp4mig/s1580/Eric_at_Demonstration.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1036" data-original-width="1580" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDb1WGHu_TPiPA8nFkod5yuJxXG1yoLiU0vMsOQQDi-m2AR_bp0xHbco65QSQmCQeQbcEYcgUbw1uiWOwW5dsN98nxY2xesLViajbnxnEXFi2NHEvRqWNgERLq9FdITOPXFp4mig/s320/Eric_at_Demonstration.jpg" width="320" /></span></a></div><span class="Apple-converted-space" style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span><p></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "helvetica neue"; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "helvetica neue"; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none; font-size: medium;">One of my concerns is the lack of good quality information. When people I have known for years report on what they are seeing and experiencing, I generally trust that pretty well. When people I know and trust report what they hear as second-hand reports of what has happened, I don’t always assume the sources they are using are giving me a fair or complete picture.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>And when it comes to journalism, I’m especially dismayed by the lack of journalistic integrity and the difficulty journalists have in giving their audiences some understanding of scope or context. Journalists are especially interested in reporting extraordinary and sensational stories, so I suspect the violence and looting are exaggerated, but perhaps the opposite is so: perhaps police brutality and looting are even worse than reported. I don’t know, and the information I'm getting doesn’t allow me to form a clear impression of the degree or quantity of horrible things happening. As part of my training as a social scientist when I was earning a doctorate, I was encourage to not waste my time on bad information, and so I have not been reading much of the journalism about protests and riots and COVID-19 because I am aware that much of what is provided is bad information, and reading it converts my time into increased confusion and ignorance. I do not want to increase my ignorance or misunderstanding. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "helvetica neue"; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "helvetica neue"; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none; font-size: medium;">Here is what I know.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>In local law enforcement in the United States there is a persistent problem<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>of persons who are not psychologically suited to wielding lethal force on behalf of the public gaining authority and misusing it. No one who studies law enforcement can have any doubts about this. Some police and some prosecutors routinely violate the civil rights of the persons whose rights they are entrusted to protect. Many police forces use psychological screening to reduce the number of sadistic and corrupt police, but despite these attempts, there are still too many abusive and cruel psychopaths over-represented in law enforcement. Another problem is racism, where police have a bias against African-Americans or Hispanics, and it can be worse than mere “bias” in many cases, with actual hatred/contempt/fear being part of how police respond to people who are non-white.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "helvetica neue"; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "helvetica neue"; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none; font-size: medium;">I am seeing many video clips showing police behaving in criminally incompetent ways, firing rubber bullets directly at peaceful protestors from short-range rather than shooting at the ground to hit people in the legs with ricochet from a greater distance. Police are using excessive force and violence on persons who are exercising their civil rights and not threatening any property or persons.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Police who behave this way are proving the point of the demonstrators and protestors; we have a serious problem with many police in our society. One example is the case from Buffalo, New York, where video captured an image of two police knocking down an elderly man who was out after the curfew order (but was clearly not actively looting or rioting). The man fell to the ground and started to bleed, and in addition to the assault on this man, none of the officers in the rather large group of police offered him first aid as his blood pooled under his head. This event was already bad, but what makes it worse is that the police involved lied in their report, and mischaracterized the interaction as it was caught on film. And, even worse, when the two officers who illegally assaulted the man were suspended, all 57 members of this unit (a specially-trained riot team) resigned from their special riot control duties to return to the force as regular police. This mass action of loyalty to the two colleagues who behaved in a criminal manner demonstrates to me that every single member of that riot team puts more loyalty to their colleagues than they give to the Constitution or their duties to protect the rights of their fellow citizens. None of them should be allowed to work in law enforcement. The suggestion that most police are good and only a minority of them are bad is clearly false in the case of the Buffalo police riot team, where 100% of them failed to give aid to the elderly man who had been assaulted by two of their colleagues, and 100% failed to object to a false report being filed about the incident, and 100% of them put their loyalty to the Constitution and their duty to society at a lower priority than their loyalty to members of their team. That’s misplaced loyalty, and it’s a form of corruption.</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "helvetica neue"; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "helvetica neue"; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhucx9T65cCPhFaK_9V1426UqESn3Vcc1ix6QmHOltL1e-QV8KBICcLbb4v3tVZF1kBSQPN2tmCIs30RK-LaAoZ3Th4bsQiM1dXpZWdx5DpZrr3jsOZ0SJ2Wb3OLtMp68MwNnWNeg/s1280/Demonstration+-+1.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="960" data-original-width="1280" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhucx9T65cCPhFaK_9V1426UqESn3Vcc1ix6QmHOltL1e-QV8KBICcLbb4v3tVZF1kBSQPN2tmCIs30RK-LaAoZ3Th4bsQiM1dXpZWdx5DpZrr3jsOZ0SJ2Wb3OLtMp68MwNnWNeg/s320/Demonstration+-+1.jpg" width="320" /></span></a></div><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none; font-size: medium;"><br /></span><p></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "helvetica neue"; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "helvetica neue"; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none; font-size: medium;">The federal government has sometimes drawn attention to the problem of police corruption and criminal behavior. The Department of Justice investigated the police department in Fergusson, Missouri, and came out with a scathing report (which I assign my students to read, in part, when we study issues around justice and crime in my policy class). We do have federal marshals who occasionally arrest local police when corruption comes to their attention. I had students work in East St. Louis in the early 2000s when I believe some police were running a prostitution ring and engaging in other corrupt practices, and as I recall, the FBI had to blow their cover as they were doing a secret surveillance and arrest police who were under investigation when they intercepted a call (they were wire-tapping local police department phones) in which a police officer ordered a hit (an assassination) of someone. There are websites devoted to collecting stories of police misconduct.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>There is a website devoted to covering stories of persons killed by police. As you read the stories in the killed-by-police websites, you realize that police really are doing dangerous work, over half of those killed by police were threatening the lives of police or others. And of many who weren’t actively threatening anyone when they were killed, several did legitimately seem to be a threat.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>But as you read the stories, what you’ll notice is that a large minority percentage of the cases involve questionable shootings. My sense is that about 20% to 30% of the killings seem like they didn’t need to happen. And, about half of those that didn’t need to happen seem egregiously horrific. With about 900 to 1,000 persons killed by police each year, this a number of police killings that might be around 100 or slightly less each year, where the killing was bad enough that it seems to me that the police involved deserve criminal investigations, and in many cases, criminal charges.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "helvetica neue"; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"><br /></span></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: helvetica neue;">Yet, despite the investigation of the Fergusson, Missouri police, or the evidence from that team of specialized police in Buffalo, New York, I doubt that most police departments have corruption and illegal behavior that is so universal. I understand that in research on complaints about police behavior in large police departments (e.g., Los Angeles, </span></span></span><span style="font-family: helvetica neue; font-size: medium;">Chicago, New York City, etc.) a pattern emerges where a tiny fraction of officers get almost half of all the complaints, and a larger minority get most of the remaining complaints, and a slightly larger minority gets most of the remainder of complaints. So, it seems in many large departments, a tiny percentage (maybe 2% to 5%) are really horrible, and about 10% to 15% are sort of bad, and 20% to 30% are just not very good, but 68% to 50% of officers seem to be doing fine, and not getting any complaints from the public about their behavior. But even police in that good half to two-thirds are responsible for the behavior of the horrible 2% if they are not actively reporting and intervening to stop the behavior of the bad police. Most professions have ethical codes where professionals must intervene if they notice incompetence or unethical behavior by colleagues, and police should have the same ethical duty.</span></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "helvetica neue"; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "helvetica neue"; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none; font-size: medium;">One problem I noticed in discussions I saw in social media comes from people who know and love people who work in law enforcement (I have friends and have had family members who worked in law enforcement). Some of them seem extremely defensive or scared, worried that characterizations of the police as “racist” or “bad” are unfair to the people they know. What I suspect is going on in those situations is that someone has a self-concept or identity that involves their respect and admiration for police, so when there are complaints about the sadism or racism or corruption or criminal activity of police, these people can’t dispassionately consider the facts and think about solutions; instead, they take the criticisms as personal attacks on their identity, and the fear this triggers elicits anger and hostility, and they argue back instead of accepting that the problem exists and thinking about what might work to solve it. Also, the problem is one of systems and institutions, and a police culture that has toxic aspects to it. So, when people want to talk about individual police who are good, or individuals they know in police work, they are missing the point that we have a pervasive cultural problem, and trying to keep the focus on the individual character of persons involved. Take, for example, the case of wartime atrocities and the acts of Lt. Calley in the village of My Lai. I once heard Seymour Hersh give a talk about Calley and Hersh described how the journalist Peter Ross Range got to know “Rusty” Calley, and described him as a person you would never expect to be a mass murderer. He was a “nice guy” who killed (directly or indirectly) 109 villagers, many of them children. The problem wasn’t so much that Calley was a depraved monster (he certainly was that for at least one day in My Lai), but that the war put him in an atrocity-inducing environment. The culture is now putting good guys (police) in an environment where some of them are committing atrocities. And, just like many Americans were enraged at Seymour Hersh for telling the story of the My Lai massacre, people are now very angry at the protesters and critics of police brutality.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>It’s pretty much the same dynamic.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "helvetica neue"; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"><span class="Apple-converted-space" style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "helvetica neue"; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none; font-size: medium;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgn5EHGGvzl5ibA00jVVoZz3lkD_lk2zj0R8SqaVfl2VOBYZ5_qdbrVhvhImPDBkjtU9EJiiJMhSfZXz2ujFC21nc_0SOgDSht-AvFW1JTP8ZUE_gavosp1cv_iO-ukNjxAhiwcYg/s1280/Demonstration+-+2.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="960" data-original-width="1280" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgn5EHGGvzl5ibA00jVVoZz3lkD_lk2zj0R8SqaVfl2VOBYZ5_qdbrVhvhImPDBkjtU9EJiiJMhSfZXz2ujFC21nc_0SOgDSht-AvFW1JTP8ZUE_gavosp1cv_iO-ukNjxAhiwcYg/s320/Demonstration+-+2.jpg" width="320" /></span></a></div><span class="Apple-converted-space" style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span><p></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "helvetica neue"; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "helvetica neue"; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none; font-size: medium;">Another point I have seen made in these discussions, and even heard made at a demonstration, is that the 100-or-so police killings of innocent persons each year are very small and nearly insignificant in comparison to the many Black Americans who are killed in regular community and family violence each year. There are about 14,000 homicide deaths in the USA each year, and very approximately half of all those murders are committed by African-Americans (with African-American victims almost always). African-Americans make up 12-14 percent of our population (depending on how you count persons identifying as mixed-race or bi-racial African-Americans), so clearly the homicide rates are disproportionately representing violence in the African-American community. But, if you control for poverty and living in high-crime neighborhoods of concentrated poverty, African-Americans aren’t really more violent than any other group.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>That is to say, what we have a problem of high levels of violence among the poorest Americans who live in socially isolated communities with high violence and poverty all around them, and it so happens that about half of the Americans who live in those conditions are African-Americans. The “black-on-black” crime is actually a manifestation of “socially isolated impoverished persons committing violence against other poor persons” crime, and the racial backgrounds don’t contribute much (if anything at all) to the rates of violence or murder. To the extent that race plays a role, I imagine internalized racism may lead some African-Americans to devalue the lives of other Blacks; certainly this seems so in the lyrics of violent rap music songs. But anyway, people are pointing out that there is much anger and many protests about a score or a few dozen of police murders of Black people each year, but nothing like this for the approximately 7,000 Black men murdered by non-police each year. Well, they’re right that we don’t make enough of a fuss about violence in impoverished communities (and thus, in Black communities), and there is also a factual correctness about the difference in scale: maybe 30-50 innocent or only mildly-criminal Blacks murdered by police each year compared to 7,000 murdered by associates and neighbors and friends. Persons emphasizing this critique, however, are missing the point that we expect a certain degree of homicidal anger among marginalized persons who live in poverty, and murderers are expected to do murderous things; but police have a monopoly on state-sanctioned violence, and their whole purpose is to defend and protect us, and so we naturally hold them to a higher standard than what we expect from the outcasts and pariahs who engage in violent crime and murders. It’s this difference in roles and expectations that makes people upset, because of the betrayal.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>And also, along with the betrayal that makes police killing so outrageous, there is added to this the problem of the system and culture that makes this killing go on, with police seldom adequately punished when they murder or harm people, and the fact that this has been going on with police used as an instrument of oppression and harassment against African-Americans and other non-white Americans. The police represent the worst aspects of the power structure, and the power structure is habitually harming African-Americans, and has been doing so for 400 years; so yes, there is more anger directed at police and authorities for the rare killings (although 20-40 per year isn’t really all that rare, and such a count is only police <i>killing</i> of innocent and unarmed Blacks, and doesn’t count the tens of thousands of degrading and dehumanizing interactions African-Americans regularly have with the racist or insensitive police).<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "helvetica neue"; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "helvetica neue"; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none; font-size: medium;">Oddly enough, it’s probably racism that is at work in both the relatively high rates of violent crime and murder among African-American men and the widespread discourtesy and contempt directed by police toward African-Americans. In both cases, the perpetrator (either a police officer of whatever race, or a hot-headed young man or youth) is perceiving the victim as less valuable and less human. If we really had the culture that valued and celebrated life, police would be less likely to abuse African-Americans, and marginalized people would be less murderous toward other marginalized people, so there would be less violent crime (especially crime against African-Americans).</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "helvetica neue"; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "helvetica neue"; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Some people seem to be confusing the protests with the looting. I think almost everyone agrees that the looting and rioting is wrong and bad; only a tiny fringe speaks out to defend or justify looting, and those who do so are undermining their credibility. That said, as a social scientist, I could explain why people loot and riot, and I could even point to historical evidence that violence and the destruction of property may be effective in pushing the powerful and community leaders to make necessary changes. Likewise, everyone ought to agree that in the face of terrible injustice, the protests are justified and ought to be supported. It should be only a tiny fringe that opposes the protests or tries to blame protestors for the looting—a fringe of weak-minded critics just as small as the fringe that defends of the looting as necessary. But, of course, it's not. There are quite a large number of Americans who blame the protestors and associate looting and lawlessness with the protests. That's unfortunate, but to be expected when the class that owns so much property controls so much of the media that reports on the crisis, and so few media outlets are controlled by the sort of persons who are regularly victimized by police brutality. Also, while what I get from the media confuses me and is probably misleading, it does seem to me that the police are introducing the lawlessness and rioting. I've seen many, many videos and read several articles describing unlawful behavior instigated by police or police operatives. And there are credible reports that some of the rioting and looting is initiated by persons who want to stir up hatred against the protestors or gain sympathy for the police. I'm sure that happens, but I don't know how widespread it is.</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "helvetica neue"; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "helvetica neue"; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjc2yTMlVDGuD6PuXzgC1BUml8nCh9HeaNrt48V-4ySGP_xL7bsd0u7cCEWDgSIvTTmUf3HFDb5p6QmcBdYmkHLHopY-v8d5UlRCl2eCPFJnpdnJyBQw8IEetjs6VfdV9VyqsOobA/s1280/Demonstration+-+3.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="960" data-original-width="1280" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjc2yTMlVDGuD6PuXzgC1BUml8nCh9HeaNrt48V-4ySGP_xL7bsd0u7cCEWDgSIvTTmUf3HFDb5p6QmcBdYmkHLHopY-v8d5UlRCl2eCPFJnpdnJyBQw8IEetjs6VfdV9VyqsOobA/s320/Demonstration+-+3.jpg" width="320" /></span></a></div><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none; font-size: medium;"><br /></span><p></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "helvetica neue"; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "helvetica neue"; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none; font-size: medium;">Police have to deal with too many traumatic issues. They are mental health workers, although they don’t want to be, because we have inadequate services for persons with mental illnesses.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>They are dispute arbitrators, although they don’t want to be, because we do not teach people in schools some basics of psychology or human relationships so they can avoid escalation of disputes. They are grief counselors, although they don’t want to be, because they deal with people who have been traumatized by crimes against their property or persons, or persons who are learning about, or have recently witnessed, terrible injuries or deaths in accidents or disasters. And, don’t forget that police are widely hated. Just as African-Americans must suffer (and do suffer, and give up, on average, many years of healthy life because of it) through the experience of living in a society where maybe 20%-30% actively dislike them because of their race, Police too must live and work in a society where many, many people actively dislike or hate them. At least police and African-Americans have that in common.</span></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "helvetica neue"; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "helvetica neue"; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none; font-size: medium;">There are two problems here, and I know a lot about one, but very little about the other.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Racism is the primary problem, and I know that a couple things work to reduce prejudice and racism.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The practical implications of those two “technologies” that reduce prejudice is that we need to have Americans spend more time cultivating empathic friendships with people who are different from them, and the burden for this is primarily on European-Americans. People need to make an intentional effort to reach out to people who are unlike them to develop some rapport and empathy and establish some sort of collaboration with people who are from different backgrounds.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>This is actually a very pleasant thing to do, involving going out to socialize with people, having them over to your home, visiting their home, going places together with them, and that sort of thing. If people really understood what it feels like to do this sort of anti-racism work, they would embrace it eagerly. The other implication is that we need to be mindful of our thoughts, aware of racist or prejudicial thoughts that intrude into our feelings and perceptions, and develop skills in calming and dispassionately noting those prejudiced thoughts or fears and countering them with factual non-prejudiced counter-thoughts, and recognizing each time we do this that we are resisting the disease of racism, which permeates to some degree our culture. Again, it’s not so terrible to do a little bit of thought about our culture and some of the flaws in our society, and then work on resisting how these pervasive toxicities try to invade our minds. The same discipline used to struggle against racist indoctrination can be used in other forms of mental discipline to resist intrusive thoughts. So, anti-racist work of this nature will probably help people develop many other healthy mental habits. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "helvetica neue"; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"><span class="Apple-converted-space" style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "helvetica neue"; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none; font-size: medium;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1QjqlWMyQwBk1Pqh9er30JWCPZ2m3OGCrjWnLnmBdg28I7B968ZrhkGcOY0aRqdbNn7kWqw23vBno1QmVOQs7eEECtNAj2__OC1J2UwEA8ucZpso2Wb72wLa3j94hJ8LPFGI5ag/s1280/Demonstration+-+4.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="960" data-original-width="1280" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1QjqlWMyQwBk1Pqh9er30JWCPZ2m3OGCrjWnLnmBdg28I7B968ZrhkGcOY0aRqdbNn7kWqw23vBno1QmVOQs7eEECtNAj2__OC1J2UwEA8ucZpso2Wb72wLa3j94hJ8LPFGI5ag/s320/Demonstration+-+4.jpg" width="320" /></span></a></div><span class="Apple-converted-space" style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span><p></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "helvetica neue"; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "helvetica neue"; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none; font-size: medium;">Aside from these two approaches to addressing racism in ourselves and among our circle of close acquaintances, there are also those institutions that may perpetuate inequalities and unfair advantages/disadvantages.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Here again, it can be easy and fun to work on these problems. At the very least, we can vote only for candidate who are proposing realistic and concrete plans to dismantle institutional racism (not simply those who agree that they are bad). With a bit more effort, we can work in cooperation with friends and allies to point out which practices and systems are perpetuating injustices, and tell those in authority to take our warning and change those systems.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "helvetica neue"; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "helvetica neue"; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none; font-size: medium;">So it goes with racism and race-prejudice-based injustices. The tougher problem is what to do about police forces and police behavior. I don’t really have the answer for that problem. I agree that police culture is generally very bad in our society, and I’m not just basing that on the riot squad in Buffalo, New York or the Department of Justice’s report on Fergusson, Missouri, or the 100-200 highly questionable or outright murderous killings committed by police each year. I suspect that the answer will include some change in the way police culture is shaped, and go beyond improved training. Police in some other societies are more well-regarded than our police are, and we should certainly look at what works in other cultures. But, American culture is somewhat unique in our individualism and our gun-fetish sub-cultures, as well as our violence. So, even more than looking abroad for models of what might work, I expect criminologists and sociologists are looking around the United States to find cities or counties where relationships between police and the community are extremely good.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>What is working there, and could we replace what we have in the worst police forces with what works in our best police forces?<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></p>Eric Hadley-Iveshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07349423480178819276noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19990974.post-54417081498321550992021-02-07T12:48:00.012-08:002022-12-08T19:42:49.006-08:00A long-time China-watcher's thoughts on American diplomacy in East Asia<p> Recently Juan Cole shared on his <a href="https://www.juancole.com" target="_blank">Informed Commen</a>t site an <a href="https://www.juancole.com/2021/02/foreign-challenge-avoiding.html" target="_blank">essay by Conn M. Hallinan</a> about Biden’s foreign policy concerning China. The correct thesis of the essay was that the Biden administration’s top goal in diplomacy should be avoiding war with China, but Hallinan made made points that I thought misleading or ill-informed. This is a reaction to that article. </p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">Hallinan claims that a cold war with China would be impossible to win. This assertion is highly debatable, but a cold war with China would be very destructive and is highly undesirable, so I see no point in nit-picking this claim, as I’m in agreement the main point that we ought to be trying to avoid a cold war with China. China is fully integrated into the world economy, and could play a positive role in trade and exchanges to help avert a climate catastrophe and promote the sort of economic development that would reduce global poverty, and American diplomacy ought to be structured toward achieving that sort of result.</span></span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"></span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgILFDNMDKfNifKPDbvye3v0s55tUqln9U2wfHFsSV17IjFkOSWTGM6rIUzItA65AyKdfJjf-G3CtjRPBoqBnNWGqCVSXBy2SBd5q6cmbSrTTsFdbb_zDfiIXLtnyr_LcWWxbYSXA/s2048/First_week_Taipei_2019+-+2281.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1536" data-original-width="2048" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgILFDNMDKfNifKPDbvye3v0s55tUqln9U2wfHFsSV17IjFkOSWTGM6rIUzItA65AyKdfJjf-G3CtjRPBoqBnNWGqCVSXBy2SBd5q6cmbSrTTsFdbb_zDfiIXLtnyr_LcWWxbYSXA/w400-h300/First_week_Taipei_2019+-+2281.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A human rights festival in Taipei, June 4th of 2019</td></tr></tbody></table><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"><br /></span><p></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">Hallinan claims that the Trump administration created a toxic atmosphere by targeting the Chinese Community Party </span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;">(CCP) </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large;">as the worldwide enemy of the United States. This is a one-sided half-truth. The Chinese Communist Party bears much of the responsibility for any deterioration in relations with the United States. And, while the CCP is not really a “worldwide enemy” of the USA, under the current leadership of Xi Jinping, China has been behaving as a belligerent adversary, perhaps a step or two below that of an actual “enemy” in several cases. And, yes, the Trump administration used rhetoric that was hostile and toxic, and so that lack of diplomatic acumen was a disastrous part of the Trump Administration’s mishandling of our nation’s relationship with China.</span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">Hallinan claims that Mike Pompeo “essentially called for regime change” in China </span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">(he is getting that idea from Chas Freeman)</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">, and I would call that accusation unfair. Hallinan offers readers <a href="https://mondediplo.com/outsidein/how-will-the-us-counter-china" target="_blank">a link to his source for making this claim</a>, where any reader can see what Pompeo actually said, which was: “We must also engage and empower the Chinese people — a dynamic, freedom-loving people who are completely distinct from the Chinese Communist Party.”</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"> </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">So, while Pompeo was saying our opposition to the current incarnation of the CCP must be tough, he was distinguishing this from our attitude towards the Chinese people, and pointing out that the Chinese people cannot and should not be blamed for whatever horrors the CCP commits. That doesn’t seem like a suggestion that there should be a “fight to the death” with the CCP, but that is how Hallinan (mis)characterizes Pompeo’s actual statement. To be fair to Hallinan, he seems to draw much of his understanding of the situation with China from the opinions of Chas Freeman, who has also accused Pompeo of calling for “regime change” in China. Freeman is one of the most intelligent and well-informed former diplomats who knows and understands China, and his basic premise is that our goal with China must be to make it feel secure and unthreatened, and I agree with that. With our shared premise about the importance of America taking a non-threatening approach to China, it would indeed be disastrous if American diplomats or the president did call for regime change in China, but I am not aware that this was something that the Trump administration ever did, although no doubt that administration was crazy enough to have done so. The leadership in China, however, has became extraordinarily paranoid, and leadership in the Chinese diplomatic corps may well have perceived that the USA wanted and was seeking regime change in China, whether or not that fear had any grounding in fact.</span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">This brings up the question of whether the USA should try to deal with existing ruling powers in nations, or work to change those ruling powers. Would it be better for the USA if the Chinese Communist Party was suddenly rejected by a coalition of dissatisfied party leaders and People’s Liberation Army generals who ordered some sort of new regime, or is it more desirable for the USA if the CCP evolves into a more benevolent party that respects human rights and ceases to threaten murderous violence against the citizens and regimes of American client states and protectorates in Asia? The CCP has done a fairly effective job of brainwashing the Chinese population into a state where many Chinese hold an ugly nationalism with a sort of Han ethnicity chauvinism and militaristic jingoism that would be extremely dangerous if China suddenly became a democracy. I also know enough about Chinese history to fear any sort of political or military chaos in China such as it experienced in the 1920s to 1949, or at the end of the Ming Dynasty, or the ends of the other dynasties. I am in favor helping the CCP evolve to a point where it respects human rights and is committed to the United Nations’ ideals of peace, and I see no plausible and desirable alternative to that. </span></span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">The CCP is a vast organization with millions of members, and I know that it has in its ranks many idealistic and caring people who enthusiastically want to improve their country and maintain friendly relations with all peoples (I have several dear friends who are active members of the Chinese Communist Party), and no doubt there are many nationalistic Chinese in the CCP who stupidly fantasize of world domination and winning a victory in a war with the USA. America has its counterparts to these types. The Chinese CCP has done some very horrible things in the past few decades (cultural genocide against ethnic minorities in Xinjiang and Tibet, violating international law in the Spratley Islands, threatening war with Taiwan, initiating wars of border expansion against Vietnam and India, supporting the attempt of North Korea to conquer South Korea and consistently lying to the Chinese people about the nature of the Korean conflict, murderous crack-downs on non-violent protesters, violating its treaty promises to the UK in Hong Kong, etc.) and done a few good things as well (successfully reduced poverty, built a massive infrastructure to improve the lives of common Chinese citizens, etc.). I don’t see value in arguing over how the CCP’s bad behavior compares to American atrocities, except to note that both sides have plenty to be ashamed of (among American atrocities: bombing neutral Cambodia during the war with North Vietnam, “strategic bombing”—otherwise known as the indiscriminate killing of civilians—in North Vietnam, invading and occupying Iraq, sponsoring murderous terrorists fighting legitimate governments, sponsoring violent and bloody overthrowing of democratically elected governments, supporting brutal governments that treated their citizenry in ways that were worse than what China has done internally since the 1980s, etc.). The USA and China both have plenty of blood on their hands, and the Democrats and Republicans of our country have done much evil, which can be compared to the evil done by the CCP. The Chinese government may freely criticize America’s misbehavior, and I welcome their criticism, because the fact that an actor is imperfect has no logical bearing on the merit of their arguments against the errors of others. The American government likewise may criticize China’s flaws, and should do so, provided such criticisms don’t make matters worse.</span></span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">The problem is, under Xi Jinping, the CCP has been doing a lot more misbehaving, and so the tone of criticism has naturally been getting stronger. The rift between the governments in Washington and Beijing should not be entirely blamed on the general stupidity and incompetence of President Trump’s diplomacy. China’s behavior would have caused some degree of distancing between the two governments even under a competent and wise administration in Washington.</span></span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">Hallinan points out that people in China and the United States have lower opinions of each other’s countries. He links to an article showing that in America only 26% have a favorable view of China, whereas 66% view it negatively. Is such a massive shift in public opinion plausibly the result of Trump’s racist and antagonistic anti-Chinese rhetoric, or might actual behaviors of the Chinese government or Chinese people had something to do with it? Look at <a href="https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2020/04/21/u-s-views-of-china-increasingly-negative-amid-coronavirus-outbreak/" target="_blank">the poll Hallinan’s source referred to</a>, and you find that the things that Americans identify as the three most significant problems for the U.S. in its relationship with China are: 1) China’s impact on the global environment; 2) Cyberattacks from China; and 3) China’s policies on human rights. I don’t recall any of these three things being emphasized by Trump. Trump’s main concerns seemed to be the USA's trade deficits with China or loss of U.S. jobs to China, and those are identified as “problems” by 5 percentage points to 12 percentage points fewer Americans than the three top problems I’ve mentioned. Also, the growth in strong negative feelings against China are a global phenomena, not merely an American phenomenon. <a href="https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2020/10/06/unfavorable-views-of-china-reach-historic-highs-in-many-countries/" target="_blank">Polling by the same Pew Charitable Trust</a> that gave us the evidence that Americans distrust China and see its government as a problem tell us that unfavorable views of China are held by 81% of Australians, 86% of Japanese, 73% of Spaniards, 75% of South Koreans, 85% of French, 73% of Canadians, and so forth. Since only 66% of Americans have an unfavorable view of China, it hardly makes sense to argue that Trump had much to do with making Americans more distrustful or hostile towards China. On the contrary, Americans seem less hostile toward China compared with the views of citizens in other developed countries. </span></span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">And what of the views of Chinese towards America? In China, the CCP controls the media narrative, and aside form a small minority of technically-savvy Chinese who can use VPN to look at media outside the CCP’s firewall isolating Chinese people from free exchange of facts and opinion on the internet, most people in China only know what the CCP lets them know. So, if Chinese opinion toward foreigners and foreign nations is getting more hostile, and the Chinese sense of self is becoming more nationalistic or belligerently chauvinistic, that probably has something to do with the way the CCP is presenting the world to the population they rule. </span></span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">Hallinan offers a paragraph that is quite accurate and good, and provides readers with the best point in his essay:</span></span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></span></p><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: left;"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"><i><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">Most Chinese think the U.S. is determined to isolate their country, surround it with hostile allies, and prevent it from becoming a world power. Many Americans think China is an authoritarian bully that has robbed them of well-paying industrial jobs. There is a certain amount of truth in both viewpoints. The trick will be how to negotiate a way through some genuine differences.</span></i></span></p></blockquote><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">Yes, there are genuine differences, and negotiating through those differences is what we must do. The emphasis here is on <i>negotiating</i> as opposed to <i>bullying</i> or <i>threatening</i> as those approaches, with their reliance on American military force, are not good options.</span></span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">Hallinan has an academic background in anthropology, rather than history, so his historical statements are not always perfectly true. The century from 1839 to 1939 is (rightly, I think) presented as China’s century of humiliation, when it was mistreated by foreign powers, but Hallinan describes America as one of the colonial powers (like the UK, France, Japan, and Germany) that fought wars and seized ports from China in those years. The USA did engage in the extortionate punitive treatment of the Qing government after the Qing had supported anti-foreigner atrocities committed by the Boxers. Mark Twain wrote a brilliant satirical essay about this, “<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/62636" target="_blank">To the Person Sitting in Darkness</a>,” which is my favorite anti-imperialism essay. But in general, the USA had a different sort of relationship with China compared to those other powers, and asked China to give the USA the same trading advantages it gave to any other foreign power. The USA did not attack China or seize ports as the other imperial powers did. The relationship was also colored by the fact that many Chinese lived in the United States, and there was a long and close relationship between some American merchant capitalists from New England and some Chinese tycoons of Guangzhou. America really did have a “special” relationship with China that was significantly different from the relations of the other imperialist powers. The CCP may have tried to erase this fact from the way it tells historical narratives to its populace, and Hallinan may only care about what Chinese believe about history, rather than historical facts, since it is perceptions of history rather than actual history that is most likely to condition how people and governments behave. </span></span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">Hallinan asserts that “the Chinese have never forgotten those dark years” and I think he is only right in the literal sense the those years weren’t erased from history books. The Chinese intellectual classes of the 1920s and 1930s had a variety of opinions about the diplomacy and conflict between the Qing Court and the Western Powers and Japan. The Nationalist Party that occupied and brutalized the people of Taiwan certainly downplayed the century of humiliation, and the CCP used to present a historical narrative about the century of humiliation that fit that era into a standard Marxist history about capitalist powers seeking to expand markets and grab resources, placing China’s position as one similar to that of Africa, India, or Latin America. It has only been in the past two or three decades that the historical narratives about the century of humiliation have been associated with a strong nationalist sense of resentment and hostility toward the USA and European powers. That is to say, the Chinese were always angry about foreign powers pushing them around, and the weakness and inability of the Qing and Republican governments to successfully face the bullying and aggression of Japanese and European powers made many Chinese extremely xenophobic. However, until this century, the rhetoric of the Chinese Marxists who complained about foreign dominance in China used to fit into a framework that did not suggest that the Chinese people were particularly aggrieved or disadvantaged compared to other peoples of less developed nations. International worker solidarity and class consciousness was favored, and explanatory models fit into a Marxist universalism that (correctly) blamed capitalist classes in foreign lands and their allied elites in China for exploiting poor people and eroding local sovereignty as part of a universal political and economic unfolding of history. In this century, the Chinese-generated narratives have changed toward a more nationalistic and ethnocentric story emphasizing the exploitation of China and the victimization of the Chinese. I know a bit about this because I audited a course in Chinese historiography as a doctoral student in the mid-1990s, and I’ve followed with interest the way Chinese and Taiwanese historians present their history to their publics ever since. The emphasis on China’s humiliation and the need to rise and be strong to prevent any further insults to the Chinese sense of pride and worth is a fairly new thing. It was certainly not a central narrative in Chinese history in the 1970s or 1980s, but it does seem to be a major emphasis of China’s sense of its world situation in the past decade or two. That is a regrettable and dangerous change. </span></span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">Hallinan claims that the Chinese have never threatened to interdict trade in the South China Sea. This is a debatable point. In 2020 the Chinese coast guard and navy have <a href="https://www.latimes.com/world-nation/story/2020-11-12/china-attacks-fishing-boats-in-conquest-of-south-china-sea" target="_blank">attacked and killed Vietnamese fishermen</a> near the Parcel Islands, and in 2019 the <a href="https://thediplomat.com/2019/06/chinese-vessel-rams-sinks-philippine-fishing-boat-in-reed-bank/" target="_blank">Chinese sank a Philippines’ boat</a> off Reed Bank and left 22 Fishermen floating in the ocean until they were picked up by a Vietnamese boat. Sinking and killing fishermen in international waters seems more serious than merely “threatening” to interdict trade. And, of course, the authorities in Beijing have threatened to interdict trade with Taiwan, which lies at the northern boundary of the South China Sea. When Hallinan then characterizes the Chinese authorities as being essentially non-belligerent and peaceful by pretending that they have never threatened to interdict trade in the South China Sea, he is doing so to set up Chinese behavior in contrast to American behavior, and he mentions the Malabar war games and the American strategy of “Air Sea Battle” since those do aim to prepare for cutting off Chinese trade through the South Chinese Sea. But he fails to consider under what circumstances the United States would try to cut off Chinese trade. The only plausible circumstances in which the USA would do that would be if China were involved in aggressive wars against Korea, Japan, or Taiwan, the three American protectorates or client states in East Asia. If China would renounce the use of force or stop claiming it had a right to invade and conquer Taiwan, and if it would stop supporting the belligerent regime in North Korea, America and other powers in Asia could stop preparing to cut off China’s sea trade. Any comment on the allegedly hostile American preparation to contain China should, in fairness, mention what China does in its military war games and diplomatic rhetoric to prepare for an attack on Taiwan, Japan, and South Korea.</span></span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">Hallinan is right that the West needs to be sensitive to China’s insecurities. The main point he is making is correct as far as that goes. Yet, his presentation is ignoring China’s actual violent belligerence in the South China Sea, and its threats to use violence against its East Asian neighbors, and that is an error.</span></span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">I think Hallinan is largely informed by the opinions of Chas Freeman, who was one of three American translators during Nixon’s famous 1972 visit to China. Freeman is a brilliant diplomat, well-connected in China and Taiwan, who expresses many opinions about America’s foreign policy, and I agree with the vast majority of what he says. Chas Freeman is very good at expressing the Chinese view of the situation related to Taiwan (his December 17, 2020 talk “<a href="https://chasfreeman.net/war-with-china-over-taiwan/"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">War with China over Taiwan</span></a>” will give you an idea of how Freeman sees the situation). Usually when Freeman expresses opinions I disagree with, I perceive he has become so empathetically understanding of the CCP’s view (which is a good trait in a diplomat) that he has taken the Chinese view as his own (which is the source of my disagreement with him, I think). As Hallinan and Freeman see the situation, the U.S. has abrogated agreements our diplomats and leaders made with China in 1972, 1978, 1979, and 1982. China also made some assurances in those agreements, and Hallinan and Freeman emphasize how American foreign policy has violated the spirit of those agreements without saying much about how the Chinese have violated those agreements. I assume Freeman doesn’t examine those because he is interested in realpolitik and considers the only important issue is how China perceives the situation, rather than what the situation actually is or was. For example, China believes that there has been a consensus among China, the USA, and Taiwan that there is only one China and there cannot be a two states for one country solution to the problem of the “division” of China. When the KMT ruled Taiwan as a dictatorship and an occupying Chinese regime bullying the local Taiwanese population, the KMT did agree with China on that view, and it was at that time (the 1960s and 1970s) that Chas Freeman came to understand Taiwan and China, and make his friendships with elites and leadership in both countries. The KMT is no longer in power in Taiwan, and when they are in power they do not rule in a dictatorship, and so the government in Taiwan has changed, and no longer represents a Chinese government-in-exile that seeks reunification with the Chinese motherland. </span></span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">Hallinan suggests that both countries should dial down the rhetoric and de-escalate their military deployments. That is actually good advice. He also suggests that Beijing should give up its claims in the South China Sea and disarm the bases it has illegally established there. That is also good advice, although there are other solutions that would not require this (for example, setting up the Spratleys and Parcel Islands in a situation like that of Andorra where multiple countries hold a form of joint-sovereignty over a region, or share mutual responsibilities for protecting a common resource). He should also suggest that China re-affirm its agreements made in 1979 and 1982 that it will not seek to reunify with Taiwan through violent force. China has broken its treaty with the UK about the treatment of institutions and the population in Hong Kong. China’s threat to violently attack and murder thousands of Taiwanese for the frivolous sake of national pride and unity, to conquer Taiwan, also conflicts with the understandings reached with the United States in 1979 and 1982.</span></span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">One thing that might help the situation with Taiwan and China is for the Taiwanese government to make several suggestions for how reunification could be achieved on Taiwan’s terms. These could be creative solutions, and there ought to be several suggestions. One approach would be to suggest forms of reunion in which the two states became allies and partners in a system of equal power-sharing, where any changes in the relationship could be vetoed by either side. There could also be clauses in the reunification treaty that would allow either side to become independent from the other if there was a violation of some agreement. For example, each side might keep its own military, and if either side used its military in the other’s territory for purposes other than humanitarian relief or coordinated mutual defense, that would trigger the dissolution of the unified state. Some sort of a confederation solution might be found that finds a middle-ground between the unification of the American states into the USA (too much unification for Taiwan) and the confederation of the members of the European Union (not enough unification for China). Taiwan needs to make these sorts of suggestions and engage with China in discussions about the sort of reunification that would appeal to the Taiwanese (reunifications in which there would be no possibility of the CCP or PLA eroding the rights or democratic institutions in Taiwan as they have done in Hong Kong) in order to take from the CCP any sort of excuse for launching the terrible efforts of a violent conquest of Taiwan. A treaty of confederation between Taiwan and the PRC might begin with an idealistic preamble pointing out the advantages of nations and peoples binding their countries together close enough to make violent conflict unthinkable, but allowing local sovereignty and self-determination so that large nations cannot interfere in smaller nations, extolling the virtue of diverse approaches to the basic problems of governance and securing stability, justice, and flourishing civilizations. Humanity needs to try out many different policies and approaches and seek out methods that seem most desirable for creating flourishing and stable societies, but humanity also needs governments to surrender a certain amount of sovereignty in order to prevent inter-state warfare. A treating binding Taiwan and China together could offer the confederation as a model for potential unification of Asia, and then eventually unification of the planet. References could be made to the successes of the European Union, NATO, and various long-standing mutual defense alliances and peaceful neighborly relations among nations. If Taiwan is continuously suggesting such agreements, and China is always rejecting them, this would create a better situation than one in which Taiwan seems to only want to follow a path toward independence without any dialog with China.</span></span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">The dream of Taiwan simply being a normal independent country like Japan or South Korea is not plausible because the CCP will not accept that, and neither Taiwan nor the USA can afford a war with China. The CCP’s dream of conquering Taiwan or taking over Taiwan the way it took over Hong Kong is equally impossible, because the people of Taiwan do not want it and would violently resist, and the United States cannot afford to have a client state or protectorate forcibly conquered by China. There are other solutions between those two unacceptable extremes. We do not need to wait for China to give up its claims to have a right to conquer Taiwan (the Chinese use the euphemism “reunification”), or persuade it to do so. Exploring other solutions that could be acceptable to Taiwanese, and offering such solutions to the CCP on a regular basis, would at least get the leadership of the CCP to ponder some sort of reunification that would give the Beijing government the minimum it desires (the ability to claim it has successfully reunified China and greater security of its territorial integrity) while not actually giving it any significant power to dominate or interfere in Taiwanese sovereignty. The Chinese are naturally pragmatic, and if discussion and diplomacy begins in earnest toward some sort of agreement for a confederation, the Taiwanese and Americans might have a chance of waiting out the current belligerent Xi Jinping regime and getting a more pragmatic and conciliatory successor regime after Xi to negotiate in good faith and accept some accommodation with Taiwan. </span></span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"></span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjE68p7zHNK_hLbPf5lrEP7u8PPJgzlx_yz3tlIDrXC-qzh66CeV_dmb-w3k11f-QJEHFH2aKKGpxeXv33bVYTMSLhAjfIdDWNujAw0T_5UOaJQVnez8-CdujIXtJ1HqcP_PRzXHg/s2000/Demonstration_Telephoto_14.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1333" data-original-width="2000" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjE68p7zHNK_hLbPf5lrEP7u8PPJgzlx_yz3tlIDrXC-qzh66CeV_dmb-w3k11f-QJEHFH2aKKGpxeXv33bVYTMSLhAjfIdDWNujAw0T_5UOaJQVnez8-CdujIXtJ1HqcP_PRzXHg/w640-h426/Demonstration_Telephoto_14.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Protestors outside the Executive Assembly during Taipei’s Sunflower Protest Movement, 2014</td></tr></tbody></table><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"><br /></span><p></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">While China continues to be belligerent and violent in its pursuit of territorial expansion in the South China Sea and dominance of Asia, it is necessary for the United States to cooperate with other Asian powers to constrain and blunt this aggression, but American diplomacy cannot merely take a role as China’s opposition or enemy in Asia. On the contrary, American diplomacy requires a break-through in which China can see its self-interest furthered through a friendly partnership with its Asian neighbors and the United States, and this requires America and its friends in Asia to offer China various alternatives to the present highly confrontational situation in East Asia, and especially across the Formosan Straits. </span></span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">Another approach to China would be some sort of an entente or mutual defense alliance among the major Asian players aside from China. The USA would need to put together this agreement among Japan, Taiwan, the USA, Singapore, Malaysia, the Philippines, Vietnam, Australia, New Zealand, Thailand, Indonesia, and India, with all agreeing that China has disputes with some of these nations (Vietnam, Indonesia, Taiwan, and Philippines) about sovereignty in the Spratley and Parcel Islands, about borders (with India and Vietnam, and Japan), and about sovereignty (with Taiwan). The nations would commit to an intention to see all these disputes with China resolved peacefully in ways that are acceptable to China and to all the partners. The partners would agree that violent military confrontation by China to force its way in any of these disputes would be unacceptable, and would be met by a unified defensive action. It would not be good to only agree to defend against Chinese </span></span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">aggression; it would be necessary for the entente agreement to recognize that these disputes create insecurity, and everyone wants to see these disputes resolved, and the only plausible resolution of these disputes is to see solutions in which both China and its neighbors peacefully find compromise and agreement.</span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">Whatever happens in Asian international relations, two principles ought to be recognized by the United States and incorporated into its diplomatic posture. The first of these is that American values recognize the philosophical principle that all lives are of equal value, and given the equal value of human lives, the largest Asian nations of China and India, and to a lesser extent Indonesia, have something like a “natural” right to take a leadership role in the international order in Asia. This needs to be acknowledged to assure China that the USA accepts its role as a natural leader in Asia (but not “the” natural leader). The United States would thus recognize that China has a certain degree of responsibility and some degree of an inherent right to sometimes lead the diplomatic fashioning of a peaceful order in Asia. The corollary principle that must accompany this stance based on the equal value of human life is the principle that each nation has a right to independent sovereignty and freedom from unwanted interference from larger states. Thus, states with smaller populations, such as Mongolia, Timor-Leste, and Bhutan have a right to security where they are free from aggression and dominance by their larger neighbors, and whatever order of international relations emerges must protect the independence and sovereignty of smaller states. The United States also ought to emphasize that the principles of the <a href="https://www.un.org/en/sections/un-charter/preamble/" target="_blank">United Nations Charter</a>, the <a href="https://www.un.org/en/universal-declaration-human-rights/" target="_blank">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a>, the <a href="https://sdgs.un.org/goals" target="_blank">Sustainable Development Goals</a> that emerged from the United Nations <a href="https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/rio20" target="_blank">Conference on Sustainable Development in Rio de Janeiro in 2012</a>, the goals of the <a href="https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement/the-paris-agreement" target="_blank">COP21 Paris Climate Conference</a> and the <a href="https://www.undrr.org/publication/sendai-framework-disaster-risk-reduction-2015-2030" target="_blank">Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction</a> express the shared goals of all governments, and central to all these agreements are the principles that governments have a duty to improve the lives of people and protect humanity from the horrors of war. And, thus, all states should join to secure peace and stop any power from using warfare as a tool to settle disputes. This can be emphasized as a way of demonstrating that the same principles that guide American diplomacy to prevent the CCP from using military conquest to subjugate the peoples of Taiwan or take control over islands in the South China sea that actually belong to Vietnam, Indonesia, and the Philippines also guide American diplomacy to honor China’s right to leadership and power in international relations.</span></span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><br /></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">What do I know about Asia? I have visited and briefly lived in China four times. I visited friends there in the summer of 1992 for not quite two weeks, studied Chinese in Xi’an in the summer of 1994 for about seven weeks, visited Shanghai for the World Fair for a bit less than two weeks in 2010, and was a short-term exchange scholar at Heilongjiang University in Harbin for nearly two months in the late spring of 2012. I have also lived in Taiwan or visited it for extended periods off an on since 1990, accumulating about four years of my life living in Taiwan. I have many friendships with Chinese from a variety of walks of life, and I remain in contact with about a dozen Chinese citizens, all of whom I dearly cherish as friends. I have been married to a woman from Taiwan for nearly 30 years, and count Taiwanese citizens among my closest and most intimate friends. I have had a scholarly interest in China since the early 1980s in my adolescence, and over the past 40 years I have read scores of scholarly and popular books and articles on many aspects of Chinese history and society. I’m not a China expert, but I’m fairly well-informed about China, and very well informed about Taiwan. My Chinese language skills are intermediate, and I’m working on building them up toward fluency.</span></span></p><div><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span></div><p><br /></p><p></p>Eric Hadley-Iveshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07349423480178819276noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19990974.post-38132648632313631412021-09-01T09:46:00.007-07:002022-12-08T19:23:51.012-08:00My thoughts on Ivermectin and COVID-19 in early September of 2021<p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;">I’ve been following some of the medical research related to COVID-19 and its treatment since the spring of 2020, although my interest in the details of the research is waning. Lately in my news feed I’ve been seeing articles in CNN, <i>Mother Jones</i>, the <i>Washington Post</i> and such sources examining why Americans are taking a “dewormer medication for horses and livestock” (Ivermectin).<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Ivermectin has been one of the medications showing some promise as a helpful drug for reducing mortality and symptoms of COVID-19 disease, but what amazes me is how poorly researched these articles are.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>All of them make the point that there are “conservative” doctors and “Anti-Vaccination” people promoting the use of Ivermectin. This observation is true, but it disguises the fact that many politically neutral scientists are also suggesting the weight of the evidence supports the idea that Ivermectin is useful. Also, the fact that crazy people (anti-vaccination activists) support a claim tells us nothing about whether the claim is likely to be true.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>All the reports make claims that there is “scant evidence” that Ivermectin works, or “flawed studies” suggest it works whereas better studies show it does not. That’s not my understanding of the scientific literature.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>I wonder what these journalists were reading to reach such conclusions.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>I suspect they were reading accounts by other journalists in an echo-chamber of group-thinking consensus where the assumption is that Ivermectin is wrong.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The <i>Mother Jones</i> article even mentioned Senator Rand Paul suggesting that people were ignoring Ivermectin because they hated Trump.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>It’s odd to find myself agreeing with Senator Paul, a politician with whom I generally strongly disagree on almost everything, but I think he might have been right in this case.</span></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;">The <i>Mother Jones</i> article ties interest in Ivermectin to an April 2020 pre-print of a study based on data provided by Surgisphere, and points out that there was a scandal around a finding concerning hydroxychloroquine studies involved with Surgisphere.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>But, the journalist failed to mention that the study in the mentioned scandal was published in <i>The Lancet</i> (not a pre-print, and supposedly peer-reviewed), and gave a finding “debunking” hydroxychloroquine.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>If the author of the <i>Mother Jones</i> piece (senior editor Kiera Butler) wanted to illuminate the issue of why people believe Ivermectin might work, she should have explained that at a time when many people thought hydroxychloroquine might be beneficial, a major study was published in a prestigious medical journal showing that the drug was dangerous and ineffective, and days after the publication of the article based on Surgisphere data, authoritative research bodies such as the NIH and WHO seemed to lose interest in studying hydroxychloroqine,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Days later, when <i>The Lancet </i>retracted the article after an outcry by many scientists, journalists did not cover the retraction. This could have undermined people’s faith in prestigious medical journals, authoritative research bodies, and the journalists in the media that gave coverage to a flawed study and ignored the retraction of the study. But, instead of illustrating how the Surgisphere scandal might have supported interest in treatments ignored by mainstream journalism, the <i>Mother Jones</i> article tied belief in Ivermectin as a plausible treatment to Surgisphere’s (garbage) data. And, the Surgisphere data and reports based on it came out in the spring of 2020, whereas continuing research on Ivermectin and Hydroxychloroquine has been coming out for over a year afterwards.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;">So, the articles that are reporting that there is little reason to believe that Ivermectin is effective are shoddy and misleading. But, what is the evidence for Ivermectin being helpful in some cases of COVID-19? There is a research review of over 50 studies at <a href="https://c19ivermectin.com"><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none;">https://c19ivermectin.com</span></a>. A look over the research accumulated and reviewed there suggests that the evidence for Ivermectin being at least somewhat effective in early treatment is hardly “scant” and looks more like it’s “overwhelming” to me. What we need is a serious journalist to look over this evidence and explain why it is flawed or biased, or else explain how it is not flawed and biased, and likely to be correct. Now, the closest thing we have to this (that I am aware of) is <a href="https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD015017.pub2/full?cookiesEnabled" target="_blank">the Cochrane Library entry on Ivermectin</a> by Maria Popp and colleagues. And particularly, if you read the discussion by Popp et al. at the end of their Cochrane review (under the heading "Agreements and disagreements with other studies or reviews"). It explains that positive ivermectin results in other people's studies are because the researchers included studies with greater limitations (e.g., using ivermectin and doxycycline together instead of just using ivermectin, or including a sample in which some persons did not have positive COVID tests, etc.). </span></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;">Since the overwhelming proportion of studies investigating Ivermectin that are cited by the Frontline Critical Care Alliance and the <a href="https://ivmmeta.com" target="_blank">Ivermectin website</a> have been positive, I wanted to look at the studies showing it is not effective.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The Brazilian study headed by Luis Enrique Bermejo Galan (<a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/20477724.2021.1890887?needAccess=true&"><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none;">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/20477724.2021.1890887?needAccess=true&</span></a>) for example, compared Ivermectin, chloroquine, and hydroxychloroquine in treating patients in a Brazilian hospital in Roraima. The team found mortality rates of 21.3% to 23.0% for patients, without any significant difference depending upon which drug they received. However, there was no control group of similarly severely afflicted patients to compare to the three groups that received medications, and the authors suggest that mortality rates of 21-23% are standard for other studies where patients receive placebos, which is why they interpret their results as showing the medications were ineffective. But the pro-Ivermectin research review site <a href="https://c19ivermectin.com"><span class="s2" style="font-kerning: none;">https://c19ivermectin.com</span></a> reviews this paper and points out that Northern Brazil (where Roraima is located) had mortality rates of 43% for persons with COVID-19 who were admitted to hospitals, and if there had been a randomized fourth group of patients who received none of the three medications with a mortality rate of 43%, that would have indicated that the three examined drugs were effective in lowering morality.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;">I’m open-minded about Ivermectin, and I think that the evidence (flawed though it is) showing Ivermectin works is persuasive.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The handful of studies showing it does not effectively improve survival or diminish symptoms in COVID-19 cases are also flawed, and do not convincingly show it is ineffective. If Ivermectin is effective, and I think it probably is, it seems to work best as a prophylaxis or in early treatment, and it seems about half as effective used in cases where symptoms are severe and patients are being admitted to hospitals. It’s quite plausible to me that some things like Zinc and Vitamin D and so forth could be mildly beneficial if levels are high before infection or if someone takes doses immediately after infection, but the same substances might be entirely ineffective if taken after symptoms have become severe. This is a possibility that many journalists writing about such interventions seem to miss or dismiss. But, diseases often go through different stages, and interventions that are appropriate at one stage of a disease may be inappropriate at other stages. There is nothing unusual about that. But studies that only test the effectiveness of interventions that are administrated in later stages, after they would be effective, will be misinterpreted to "prove" that the interventions are "ineffective" when in fact they may be effective if provided at a an earlier (or later) stage, or in combination with some other substance.</span></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;">Critiques of those who hold faith in Ivermectin I’ve read do get one thing right. People who don’t like vaccinations and others who do accept vaccinations are sometimes exaggerating the supposed (and probable) benefits of Ivermectin. One friend suggested to me that Ivermectin and vitamins were more effective than vaccines. Even persons who are frequently accurate and competent in their analysis of COVID-19 (such as Chris Martenson of Peak Prosperity), are sometimes getting caught up in this idea that the research we have on Ivermectin suggests it’s more effective than, for example, the Pfizer or Moderna vaccines.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;">Let me point out a few things.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>First of all, America has been vaccinating adults since late December with vaccines, now three of them, including Pfizer (I had Pfizer shots in April).<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>A bit more than half of American adults are fully vaccinated.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>If the vaccines were entirely ineffective, current hospitalization rates and death rates would be about equal between vaccinated adults and non-vaccinated adults.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Maybe a little over half of adults are vaccinated, so a little over half of those in hospitals and morgues from COVID-19 would be vaccinated.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Instead, about 95% or more of those who are dying or hospitalized are unvaccinated. Some reports suggests that it’s 99% of the hospitalized and dying who are unvaccinated.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>That suggests to me that the vaccines are significantly reducing risks of death or hospitalization. It turns out that those of us who are fully vaccinated are also more likely to be continuing our social distancing, mask-wearing, and better hygiene, so that complicates the picture, but still, it seems about 90% to 98% fewer vaccinated adults are in hospital or morgues due to COVID-19.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The studies of Ivermectin suggest it reduces risks of death or hospitalization by something between 40% and 80%, and if there is an effect (there almost certainly is), it’s probably something like a 60% to 70% protection. That’s not as good as the vaccines. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;">The vaccines we are using in the USA are proven to reduce chances of getting sick from COVID-19, going to the hospital because of the severity of COVID-19, and dying from COVID-19.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The demographics of those now in hospitals or cemeteries from COVID-19 in the past few months compared to the demographics of who has been vaccinated suggest the vaccines are over 90% effective. Studies of Ivermectin, even the most promising studies, do not suggest it is that effective. Both the vaccines and ivermectin are relatively safe.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Ivermectin probably is “safer” than the vaccines, but neither Ivermectin nor the vaccines are likely to cause serious harm or death, if appropriate doses are taken. Getting an overdose of ivermectin can be serious, however. The high death rates we are now experiencing are from unvaccinated persons who are dying from COVID-19 or other persons who can’t get medical care for other problems because unvaccinated persons with COVID-19 are clogging up our hospitals.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>We are not seeing many deaths due to bad reactions to vaccination (or overdosing on Ivermectin, for that matter).<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Ivermectin use (and belief that the scientific evidence supports the proposition that Ivermectin is likely to be beneficial in preventing bad cases of COVID-19) is compatible with use of vaccines (and belief that vaccine use dramatically helps prevent bad COVID-19 cases). <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;">Some people are claiming that natural immunity and ivermectin plus vitamins is safer and better than vaccination.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>If one is vaccinated, there is a slight chance of death or a serious reaction that causes long-term harm, and I don’t know what that risk is precisely, but I believe it’s something like 1-in-800,000 or 1-in-a-million.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The odds of getting a “serious” reaction with fever and feeling sick for an afternoon, or a day, or a few days is much higher, but death and<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>permanent serious harm is, as far as I can figure, very rare. Without a vaccine if one gets COVID-19 one’s risk of death varies by one’s age and underlying health, but even robust young persons have died from COVID-19, and risk of death seems to be something like 1-in-300 for young and healthy to 1-in-50 for elderly persons in poor health.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>So, even if natural immunity from getting COVID is “better” than vaccination, the risks you take by seeking a natural immunity are far, far more threatening than the risks of getting a vaccine. There are many “breakthrough” cases where fully vaccinated persons get COVID-19, but it seems most of the positive test results for fully vaccinated persons who get COVID-19 are associated with no symptoms of illness or very mild symptoms such as a runny nose. Very few get seriously ill, and almost none die.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Those fully vaccinated persons who do get seriously ill or die seem to almost entirely have multiple risk factors, and the most serious risk factor is a compromised immune system.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Persons with compromised immune systems seem to be at high risk from getting bad or lethal cases of COVID even if they get vaccinated. It’s true that a large percent (perhaps a third) of non-vaccinated persons who get COVID also show no symptoms, and most have only mild flu-like symptoms, but a large minority of those who get COVID get very sick, or are sick for a very long time, or have long-term impairments even if they had no serious illness. Maybe a third of unvaccinated persons who get COVID-19 have serious illness or long-term problems, and maybe 0.5% to 2% die.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The facts suggests that almost everyone is better off getting their natural immunity from direct exposure to the actual SARS-CoV-2 <i>after they have been vaccinated</i>. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;">I think governments and health authorities are promoting vaccine use because the evidence shows us that vaccines are extremely effective and relatively safe (but not perfectly safe).<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>I think governments and health authorities in many countries are resisting the use of Ivermectin because, although there is good evidence for Ivermectin’s value, that evidence is associated with deviant ideas or critical ideas that question the accuracy of government health authorities and leading research bodies.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Those who lead medical establishment institutions in governments or health authorities and research bodies do not like criticisms of them, especially unfair and conspiracy-mongering criticisms, and since they associate Ivermectin research and support with those ideas, they have a bias against Ivermectin. That is my understanding the most likely explanation for why there is not a more positive and open-minded attitude toward Ivermectin. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;">Humans are not really good at running conspiracies. The larger the conspiracy, the easier it is for people to betray the conspiracy.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>But, humans are very good at suffering from cognitive distortions, confirmation bias, and tribal us-versus-them thinking.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>I think many mainstream scientists and journalists are blinded about ivermectin because of their biases and their group thinking and conformity.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>A similar situation goes on with many who remain uncertain about vaccinations.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Those who doubt the efficacy of vaccinations and trust in ivermectin or hydroxychloroquine or Vitamin D or Zinc will tend to notice all the good evidence for those things, and ignore any evidence that those don’t work as well as they hope.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>They will be hyper-alert in perceiving how mainstream journalists and scientists are ignoring the positive evidence for the efficacy of those approaches.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>They will note all the real issues with vaccines, the real problems with how profits go to large pharmaceutical companies, and the real cases of governments using stupid policies to control COVID-19, but they will give disproportionate mental energy to thinking about such things, and not get an objective perspective.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Yes, the vaccines aren’t as good as they were supposed to be, and there are some people having bad reactions to them, but those facts are essentially trivial noise around the very significant fact that vaccines are mostly safe and very good at preventing hospitalization and death from COVID-19. Yes, big pharmaceutical companies are raking in money, and many leading researchers have been “captured” by the mentality and approaches that allow big pharmaceutical companies to set up the health care system in ways that make their owners rich and supply many doctors with medications of dubious value.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>That, however, is a tangent that has no bearing on the fact that the vaccines are working pretty well to prevent hospitalization and death from COVID-19.</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><br /></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;">******</span></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"></span>Update a couple years later. The evidence for the efficacy of ivermectin against COVID-19 has not entirely melted away, but it has diminished. The evidence of dishonesty and unethical behavior by some of the leadership in the American public health bureaucracy has confirmed that there were attempts to deceive the public on a few matters (for example, the claim that "all the experts agree it is impossible that the virus came from a lab" was false and the people who made that claim knew it was false when they made it). Within two years of the release of the COVID vaccines I'll have had five shots, I continue to wear masks when I'm in crowded indoor places for any significant length of time, and I have so far never knowingly had COVID-19. </p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></p>Eric Hadley-Iveshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07349423480178819276noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19990974.post-54593431497585449062020-08-15T17:40:00.007-07:002022-12-08T19:16:43.520-08:00I'll be voting for Hawkins in 2020<p><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro"; font-size: 16px;">I don’t think I’ll ever join any political party, and I don’t typically endorse candidates, but I am happy to share who I intend to vote for and why. In the past I’ve sometimes written up my feelings about the candidates and shared these with neighbors (in Illinois one can get a list of registered voters and check out which party’s primary ballots they took, so I tend to address such letters to neighbors in my precinct who vote in Democratic primaries).</span><span class="Apple-converted-space" style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro"; font-size: 16px;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro"; font-size: 16px;">I think it’s important to engage in the democratic process and the culture of civil debate in the public sphere, and as a non-partisan voice, I think I sometimes add something to the debate. When it comes to ideologies and political preferences, I think our voting proclivities are somewhat like our tastes in food; you may like food that I find too spicy or too salty, and I may prefer vegetarian food over the meat you enjoy eating, but such differences don’t create any animosity between us or any feelings of superiority. This is my perspective because I think most people vote for candidates based on ethical values they have, and I believe we mostly have the same basic ethical values; and our political differences come mainly from the relative emphasis we put on these various shared values.</span><span class="Apple-converted-space" style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro"; font-size: 16px;"> </span></p><p><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro"; font-size: 16px;">In the United States, however,</span><span class="Apple-converted-space" style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro"; font-size: 16px;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro"; font-size: 16px;">for a minority (about 20% of the population, fairly evenly split), personal identity is wrapped up with ideology or political party, and for such committed partisans, politics takes on the power of a religion. For such persons, it’s difficult to discuss the relative merits of policies advocated by various candidates, or the degree of wisdom and integrity each candidate may possess, since these highly partisan persons have such strong cognitive bias that they seem only able to process information about the correctness of their beliefs and the fallacies or idiocies of their opponents’ beliefs.</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro"; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 19px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCERRVabf00zyF6qXDtLINgM0xaK9b-TofPbf03MIBJiMHIg1O1CQUczltpOxJjKfxj0xxqQ12nshyphenhyphenwAepnttEXwrpxMP7sCXGIcV4WY-atxbXFYO7hQDqikkoqiB_ReBvXecV9A/s681/Eric_Political_allignment.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="503" data-original-width="681" height="295" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCERRVabf00zyF6qXDtLINgM0xaK9b-TofPbf03MIBJiMHIg1O1CQUczltpOxJjKfxj0xxqQ12nshyphenhyphenwAepnttEXwrpxMP7sCXGIcV4WY-atxbXFYO7hQDqikkoqiB_ReBvXecV9A/w400-h295/Eric_Political_allignment.png" width="400" /></a></div><br /><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro"; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;">Political alignment surveys show that I prefer equality over markets, and I’m rated at 81% equality preferring (where a 50% equality / 50% markets preference would be completely in the center on that scale).<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>That gets me a label as “socialist” and I’m comfortable with that label describing my economic preferences. I’m in favor of confiscatory taxes to reduce extreme wealth so long as poverty exists (if we end poverty, I’d have few objections to low taxes on the wealthy). I do not think the public sector is inherently less efficient or impractical in solving distribution and production issues compared to the free enterprise for-profit sector. In some cases government tends to be more wasteful, but it needn’t be so, and in other cases government probably tends to be more efficient and effective, but it won’t always be, depending on the quality of persons in the government.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro"; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><br /></span></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro"; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;">I have a more global vision and not much national preference. I’m about 69% world-oriented rather than nation-oriented, which gets me a label as a “peaceful” oriented person. That seems right to me. I have always been concerned with the military-industrial complex, the threat of war, the history of American imperialism, and the toxic masculinity that feeds belligerent nationalism. I like to listen to Noam Chomsky’s critiques of American foreign policy, and I often agree with him, but I certainly perceive him as being too one-sided and anti-American in some of his interpretations of American national behavior in international relations.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> As a youth I was active in the nuclear freeze movement, the global protest movement against apartheid in South Africa, and I demonstrated against my country’s violent aggression and support for murderous regimes and terrorists in Central America. I demonstrated against the Iraq War before it started. But, although I was opposed to the American invasion of Iraq, my main opposition was based on my (correct, as it later proved) perception that America would bungle the occupation and that we should not act unless we had a broad international coalition to remove the tyrannical dictatorship of the Baath Party. I'm not inherently against the international community intervening to remove murderous totalitarian despots, but as a practical matter, America hasn’t the ability or authority to do this. The U.N. Security Council, which does have the authority, is blocked from intervening by having Russia and the P.R. of China and the United States all on the Council with veto power, and those countries do not have a shared interest in intervening in “domestic affairs” to stop atrocities and promote human rights—China and Russia have regimes that actively oppose human rights. That is unfortunate, but until a large community of nations unite under a shared commitment to intervene militarily on humanitarian grounds, it isn’t right for any single nation or small coalition of nations to do so, especially not when the United Nations exists with the potential legitimacy to do so. </span></span></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro"; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"><br /></span></span></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro"; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5oRwcrI-CBc3U3AdjoT-gLNslWFRTBBGyVhTm9RbH58LsBL1nndHWUV-StNYoQyDwAaiWc5tB-jVMcjYsOe5v3zwW6if9VHhQp-X018yBHaj3q0tzNj2OLJXruz2zt04fZE3diw/s859/Eric%2527s_Political_ideology.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="859" data-original-width="761" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5oRwcrI-CBc3U3AdjoT-gLNslWFRTBBGyVhTm9RbH58LsBL1nndHWUV-StNYoQyDwAaiWc5tB-jVMcjYsOe5v3zwW6if9VHhQp-X018yBHaj3q0tzNj2OLJXruz2zt04fZE3diw/w354-h400/Eric%2527s_Political_ideology.png" width="354" /></a></span></div><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><br /></span><p></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro"; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;">I’m more for liberty than authority (64%), and so I’m labeled as “liberal” in that axis, and this seems right.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>As a social work professor, I’m aware that many humans are troubled and behave in ways that harm others, so I’m not a total libertarian or anarchist (although I look forward to a time when humanity is ready for anarchy, probably after another hundred generations of social evolution).<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>On the axis of tradition versus progress, I rate 65% on the progress side. I do not entirely abandon tradition and traditional views, but like to imagine I share with most Americans a cultural bias that makes me more eager to see our society try new things and experiment with systems that might improve conditions.</span></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro"; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgk2oTLb4rfcaXhoGVodbX3mH0ihWbALAV5zfwa-bOuU6io7zGLmNY-3G4uahiy3Ntl01KQIaRKtUvZXtpsIAheRZ3Daoveo8n_94CqdyCdl4Wcwc-MQAMNnfL1-n6Gj__tIZs42A/s1200/HawkinsWalker.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Portraits of Howie Hawkins and Angela Walker, his running mate" border="0" data-original-height="630" data-original-width="1200" height="210" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgk2oTLb4rfcaXhoGVodbX3mH0ihWbALAV5zfwa-bOuU6io7zGLmNY-3G4uahiy3Ntl01KQIaRKtUvZXtpsIAheRZ3Daoveo8n_94CqdyCdl4Wcwc-MQAMNnfL1-n6Gj__tIZs42A/w400-h210/HawkinsWalker.jpg" title="Green candidates in the 2020 American presidential election" width="400" /></a></div><br /><p></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro"; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;">In 2020, I intend to vote for Howie Hawkins and Angela Walker. I live in Illinois, a state where Biden will defeat Trump by more than 8-percentage-points, so I have the luxury of voting for Green Party candidates knowing my vote will have no chance of giving Trump a victory. The Democrats also control this state to such an extent that I can legitimately blame them for not instituting an instant run-off (ranked choice) election system such as the one used in Maine, where my second-choice vote for Biden-Harris would be available to the Democrats when Hawkins-Walker don’t win the state’s electoral college delegates.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> I like both Biden and Harris as human beings. They seem decent enough. They will probably win, and their administration will probably help us overcome the Pandemic Depression and the COVID-19 pandemic. They have fewer flaws than many of the other Democratic candidates I’ve known in my lifetime. But, I do not really think they have especially good policies or particularly good visions for the country. Their records both indicate to me that there is a wide gap between my values and policy preferences and theirs. So, I prefer to vote for Hawkins and Walker, whose values and policies are much closer to mine.</span></span></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro"; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"><br /></span></span></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro"; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><span class="Apple-converted-space">I am not a person who tends to vote Democratic, who is disgusted with Biden and Harris, and will vote for Green candidates in protest. Not at all. On the contrary, I am a voter who has only rarely been excited by the Democratic Party nominations, and has usually supported or voted for third party candidates. I've met third party candidates and bought them to my universities (I helped bring Lenora Fulani of the New Alliance Party to Redlands in 1988 when I was an undergraduate student there; and in 2016 I helped bring Jill Stein to the University of Illinois in Springfield when I was a professor there). My understanding is that political scientists who examine third-party voters like me find that many of us would only vote for a third party candidate, and we would simply not vote for either mainstream candidate if our ballots lacked third-party options. That is, third parties aren’t taking away our votes that would go to mainstream candidates; we’re so alienated from the mainstream parties that the only reason we cast any vote at all in the presidential elections is that there are third party candidates for whom we want to vote. I think lots of people who identify as Democrats or Republicans haven’t read about this political science research, and they live with such a partisan world-view that they can only see the possibilities of Democratic or Republican candidates, and imagine that all other third party candidates are somehow illegitimate or unworthy of taking seriously. </span></span></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro"; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"><br /></span></span></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro"; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;">In 1980 I was inspired by John Anderson, a liberal Republican from Rockford, Illinois, who ran as an independent in the presidential race. I was lucky to meet him many years later and tell him how influential he had been to me. Yet, if I had been old enough to vote, I </span>probably would have voted for Barry Commoner and LaDonna Harris of the Citizen’s Party. In 1984 I still wasn’t old enough to vote, but if I had been I would have again voted for the Citizen’s Party candidates (Sonia Johnson and Richard Walton), with Mondale-Ferraro (the Democrats) as my second choices.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>I was old enough to vote in 1988, but I was in Kenya and did not have the time to get a ballot sent to me from the United States to vote absentee. I had been instrumental in bringing the third-party candidate Lenora Fulani (New Alliance Party) to the University of Redlands earlier in the year, to discuss her candidacy for president, and I might have written in her name, but then again, I might have voted for Dukakis, the Democratic nominee. I had of course met Fulani and her election staff, and liked her personally, but after meeting her and hearing her rhetoric, and also after some of my classmates had been involved in the California Peace and Freedom convention where Fulani’s campaign had tried to win the Peace and Freedom Party nomination for President, I had doubts about whether I really would vote for her for president. Had the Democrats nominated Richard Gephardt, a congressman from the St. Louis area whom I liked very much, I would have voted for him, but I suppose I would probably have voted for Fulani despite my misgivings about her.</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro"; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 19px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro"; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;">In 1992 I voted for the first time in a presidential election. I wanted Clinton and Gore to win the election, but I was not happy with the Democratic Party platform or the candidates, so I made a protest vote for Ross Perot and James Stockdale, hoping that Perot and Stockdale would do well enough to possibly create a third party that could undermine the hegemony of the Republicans and Democrats. Lenora Fulani was again running for president, and I preferred her policies (and even Clinton’s policies) over those of Perot and Stockdale, but I thought Perot might help break down the two-party system, and that is the only reason I voted for him.</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro"; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 19px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro"; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;">In 1996 I finally had an opportunity to vote for someone I really liked, and so I cast my vote for Nader and LaDuke (Green Party).<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Nader and I had mutual friends, and those friends told me that he would actually be a horrible president because of his personal style of leadership and his inability to compromise, but I knew there was no danger of his winning the election, and I agreed almost 100% with the Green Party platform, so of course I gladly voted for him, not seeing much of a difference between Clinton (the Democratic Party incumbent, who was obviously going to easily win re-election) and the Republican Dole.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>In 2000, I was again able to vote for Nader and the Green party, despite the race being fairly close between Bush and Gore.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Gore won the popular vote, and would have won the electoral college if all the votes in Florida had been re-counted, but the Supreme Court staged a sort of coup and installed Bush in the White House (I know I'm overstating it, and Gore conceded, which really ended the race), so we were stuck with the worst president since Millard Fillmore or James Buchanan.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> I was voting in Missouri that year, and the election in my state was projected to be close; so I offered to do a vote exchange with a friend in Massachusetts, where Gore was sure to win. My offer was rebuffed. My friend did not want to encourage anyone to vote for Nader, and would not cast a vote for Nader in a safe Gore state to get me to vote for Gore in Missouri. </span></span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro"; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 19px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro"; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;">In 2004 I again, for the third straight election, voted for the Green Party candidate (David Cobb). This was my first time voting in Illinois, and Cobb wasn’t even on the ballot, so I had to write-in his name. As a high school and college student I had been a supporter of the Green Committees of Correspondence, and I was one who thought the Green Movement ought to exist as a party-inside-a-party like the Democratic Socialists.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>That is, rather than running candidates as a political party, the Green movement should find candidates to run as Democrats or Republicans or non-partisan candidates in local elections, and support (presumably) the Democratic candidates in Presidential elections. So, while I thought it was a mistake to create a Green Party to run in elections, and I continue to think it’s self-defeating and silly to run Green Party candidates for President, I still vote for Green Party candidates. I would rather see more Green Movement people run in local elections or for state-level offices; until we have thousands of Greens in positions on local school boards, city councils, county boards, and so forth, I don’t think the Greens have the practical experience or depth of knowledge to run candidates for the US House or Senate, let alone the Presidency. And yet, I’ve voted for Green Candidates in 1996, 2000, 2004, and 2016, and I intend to do so again in 2020.</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro"; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 19px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro"; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;">I voted for Obama in both 2008 and 2012. I have several mutual friends with him, and people who know him really seem to like him. Living in Springfield, many people around here knew him as a state senator.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>I even communicated with him a couple times about using his memoir in my community organizing class at UIUC, and mentioned that I had a student who knew him back in the days when he was an organizer in the Roseland neighborhoods up in Chicago. Had he not become a U.S. Senator and then President, I’m sure he would have come and spoken to my classes. Anyway, I think Obama was a great president, and given the hostility and opposition he faced, and the lackluster leadership in the Senate and House for the first two years of his Presidency when the Democratic Party controlled Congress, I think he did much better than anyone could have expected him to do. Obama was an exceptional person with qualities that set him up among FDR, Lincoln, and Jefferson as a great American statesman, but he had not had enough time in the Senate to develop a talent for getting legislation passed, and his theory of the Presidency was that the Executive Branch leadership should not try to command the legislative branch, and this inexperience and theory of his role resulted in weakness when he was in the White House. Anyway, with Obama on the ballot, I “crossed over” and voted for the Democratic candidate instead of the Green Party candidate in two election cycles.</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro"; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 19px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro"; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;">Although I admit that the Green Party attracts some fairly flakey and fringe people, when I look abroad to countries where it is more of a serious party, I note that the Green Party has a fairly good track record of governing in places where it has won elections or served in coalition governments. The Four Pillars of Green Ideals and the Ten Core Values of the Green Party are good, and I enthusiastically agree with eight of the the ten core values. I do have some misgivings about decentralization, which is one of the ten core values. In general, I do think people ought to give far more attention to local and state government, and I prefer local government because common people can have a greater say in what happens (grassroots democracy).<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>But in practice, for many types of policy related to social welfare, it just seems far more efficient for national policies.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>And, even at a local level, regional coordination seems to me the best strategy for addressing many problems, rather than efforts at the neighborhood or municipal level. I’m also very much in favor of community-based economics, but again, there are some aspects of international trade and globalized economics that benefit everyone, and I’m not generally in favor of protectionism just for the sake of protecting the interests of local producers and service-providers.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>That is, I have a nuanced attitude toward community-based economics.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro"; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"><br /></span></span></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro"; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"></span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRmrrcs6ptGqowRK0z2NedwCY0OxGbaXU6Y_FkEdYeeCpNSF5WmgnxYDm8iSb-UMuZdYd1TQR0oPEWFsinj_S9oKSurDrZ1NTjHMFWJMZ3mK8Q7_t3xU5iRwkuIgF6XZuuZLeI0A/s688/Screen+Shot+2020-10-13+at+3.43.21+PM.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="688" data-original-width="640" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRmrrcs6ptGqowRK0z2NedwCY0OxGbaXU6Y_FkEdYeeCpNSF5WmgnxYDm8iSb-UMuZdYd1TQR0oPEWFsinj_S9oKSurDrZ1NTjHMFWJMZ3mK8Q7_t3xU5iRwkuIgF6XZuuZLeI0A/w373-h400/Screen+Shot+2020-10-13+at+3.43.21+PM.png" width="373" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Check out https://www.isidewith.com/ to see whose positions best match your positions</td></tr></tbody></table><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><br /><span class="Apple-converted-space"><br /></span></span><p></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro"; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 19px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro"; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;">Years ago, there were many Republicans who might be called liberal or moderate, and I respected and admired many of those.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>In this group I would include Richard Lugar of Indiana (whom I met when I was a child), John Danforth of Missouri, Mark Hatfield of Oregon, John Anderson of Illinois, and John Chafee of Rhode Island. Had I voted in 1988, I would have voted against John Danforth, but I still liked him and admired him.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>These days I am unaware of any Republican on the national scene for whom I have much respect.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>At the local level, I know some people involved in county or city politics with Republican affiliations whom I like and have supported, but really only a few.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>I wish there was a party that represented the intellectual and moral preferences of conservatives, but did so in a way that had integrity and decency. I think that ever since about 1994, this country has been harmed by a dysfunctional insanity that has swept away what was the Republican Party and replaced it with a monstrous imposter; the current Republican Party is like a changeling child some wicked fairy has exchanged to replace the natural human infant. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro"; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 19px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro"; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 19px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro"; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;">Basically, I vote for Green Party candidates if they are on the ballot, and since they usually aren’t, I tend to vote for a lot of Democrats.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>And when it comes to donating money to candidates, I give more to the Democrats than the Greens. I do this because I know my own values and know the values that guide the parties, and there is a very close correspondence between my values and those of the Green Party and its candidates.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>There is a moderate correspondence between my values and the Democratic Party, so I also often vote for Democrats, and there is only a very weak correspondence between my values and those of the Republican Party as it currently exists, so I hardly ever vote for Republicans. When it comes to policy proposals, I again tend to think that the Green Party candidates offer policy suggestions that would do the most to improve our society. The Democrats tend to offer policies that seem to me fairly good, or not too terrible, and the Republicans have lately offered very few sensible policies, and what few policies they have suggested are often, to my way of seeing things, ridiculous.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>That said, when Democratic Party politicians suggest impractical or unsustainable policies, sometimes Republicans give very good critiques of the problems in those Democratic Party proposals. Sometimes it seems to me that the best Democratic Party policy proposals are inspired by things the Green Movement or Green Party candidates have already suggested years earlier.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro"; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 19px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro"; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;">Many of my friends and family members strongly identify with the Democratic Party, and there are a couple who are on the other side, voting Republican. I think most of the Democrats I know think it’s a waste to vote for the Green Party candidates, but I obviously disagree. In most states, the election for the President is not in doubt; probably in thirty or more states you can vote for a third-party candidate without any realistic expectation that there will be an upset in your state. In perhaps 20 states (the so-called “battleground” states) you might hesitate to vote for a Green Party candidate, because you fear that the race is close enough that the votes for the mainstream candidate you like least will overwhelm your preferred mainstream candidate if too many people vote for third-party candidates. In such states, it does make sense to vote for the mainstream candidate you prefer. Even better, you should try to get your state to have second-choice (instant run-off) elections where you can vote for a second or even third choice candidate, and if your first choice candidate doesn’t win sufficient votes, your vote will count for your second choice candidate instead of being “wasted” on someone who couldn’t win the election.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro"; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"><br /></span></span></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro"; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><span class="Apple-converted-space">People who say, “a vote for Hawkins is a vote for Trump” are obviously wrong. Ideally, parties must nominate persons we genuinely want to elect who propose policies we want to see enacted in order to win our votes. I like Hawkins, and I like his background, and I think he is far better a representation of me and my values than Biden or Harris. I prefer the Green Party policies to those of the Democrats. And so, ideally, people who share my values and preferences ought to vote for Hawkins, at least in the safe states where the presidential election is a foregone conclusion. On a practical level, any one person’s vote does not make much of a difference, and so people can vote their conscience without any serious concerns about an election being decided by their one vote. Also on a practical level, the mainstream parties have it within their power to change election laws to allow instant-run-off second-choice balloting in elections, and if Democrats have not advocated for such election rules, they have no moral standing to criticize anyone for casting a vote for a third party. They have protected and perpetuated a system that creates the problem they are complaining about, so I blame them, rather than the Green Party voter, for the threat to their victories posed by third-party candidates. </span></span></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro"; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"><br /></span></span></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro"; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><span class="Apple-converted-space">Although I will vote Green again this year in the Presidential race, I'm not endorsing or advocating for anyone else to vote as I will. Everyone should vote for the candidate they prefer, and if you live in a region where the vote between two mainstream candidates will be close, you might want to vote for the mainstream candidate you prefer even if your favorite candidate is running on a third party ticket. I'll be donating money to a Green candidate for a seat in the Illinois General Assembly (challenging an incumbent Republican in a district where the Democrats aren't even running a candidate), and making contributions to the Democratic candidate in the Illinois 13th Congressional District (where I live) and some Democratic Senate candidates in states where the Democrats might unseat a Republican or where Democratic incumbents are threatened by Republican challengers. If you have time or money, you might want to donate some of it to candidates you think are likely to improve our country and enact good policies. That is what citizens ought to do in a functioning democratic society.</span></span></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro"; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"><br /></span></span></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro"; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">I do think, however, we have a duty to listen to the people with whom we disagree, and we ought to try to understand why people support candidates who seem awful to us. We also ought not allow partisan sentiments to cloud our hearts so that we feel alienated from people who prefer different politicians or policies from what we like. Yes, if there is a politician who is actually and obviously an odious person who is advocating belligerent wars of conquest, or stripping away our civil rights, or violations of human rights, or racist policies against people based on their nationalities or ethnicities, in those cases we might indeed rightfully feel emotionally upset that anyone would support such things, as those are all obviously morally wrong. </p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro"; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro"; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">There are issues even between mainstream candidates that seem obviously wrong to some people. Abortion, for some, seems as obviously wrong as murder, while for others abortion seem to have almost no moral implications and it is the desire to take away the rights of privacy between a woman and her doctor (and thus, her right to decide to terminate a pregnancy) that seems obviously wrong. I, for one, feel that abortion is probably morally wrong, but I also want to live in a secular society that doesn’t impose theocratic laws over the citizens, and a law forbidding all abortion would be a violation of that separation of church and state I value so much. Thus, I do not care much about a candidate’s position on abortion. It is often thus when people feel polarized and angry and hostile in political conflicts; they see things as being morally clear, and for most of us, the arguments do not seem so obvious, and we don’t see how the harms and benefits compare to give us obvious conclusions. So, we care more about the process of debate and political conflict, and we want that conflict to be peaceful, civil, respectful, and in the end, a shared and common search for the best compromise. </p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro"; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro"; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">*********</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro"; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Less than two years after writing the above post the Green Party voted to endorse a statement that was essentially repeating Putin’s propaganda about Ukraine. In other words, the Green Party in the USA had become so dominated by Putin-loving radical leftists that it no longer represented (to my way of thinking) an attractive option. The Green Party as it exists in European countries generally has much better policies and higher quality candidates, and so the Green Party sometimes wins significant elections or gets to participate in ruling coalitions. </p>Eric Hadley-Iveshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07349423480178819276noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19990974.post-91982929056004290832022-09-03T01:10:00.008-07:002022-09-04T22:30:53.989-07:00Rings of Power First Impression<p> I saw the first two episodes of the first season of the <i>Rings of Power</i>, a series on Amazon Prime. I enjoyed, overall, those episodes, and I look forward to watching more. But, I cannot say that I am excited or impressed with the quality of the program. There were a few things I did not like. </p><p>First, Galadriel. She was of such a high status that she would not have needed anyone to help her get an audience with Gil-Galad, and the episode portrays her as just a high-ranking elf whose brother happened to die “while searching for Sauron”. The rule for the creators should have been to only change things in the original stories that needed to be changed to make for a better story. These changes diminish, rather than enhance, the quality of the story. Galadriel’s brother Finrod was killed in barehanded combat with a werewolf as he protected Beren, during a mission against Morgoth. Finrod engaged in a battle of song with Sauron shortly before this. That is a better story than the one in <i>Rings of Power</i> where Finrod is merely some guy (he was in fact a king) killed while hunting for Sauron, and it was stupid to change that story. On the other hand, the creators of this show do not have rights to portray anything outside the appendices in the <i>Lord of the Rings</i>, so maybe they were not legally able to explain events that took place in the <i>Silmarillion</i> or <i>Unfinished Tales of Numenor and Middle-Earth</i> or <i>The Book of Lost Tales</i> and so forth.</p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJgTImW-ngYuDOYfWohNHFGHIkwspUZuStWHnohFH_gLXSNxm5LEIt3qzsFUQ6_doX1HTn-Ke224SXfEoE3DpKxOhL_Wo9ZdXAc5fd-jOxrD7LIxiQtOBrj-bIfL3bDtGQMSbQcyfa3_o-_cxSBXSWj1Sa1Dd9KL4u3_kdIY-O39l6mte1fd8/s1650/Fingolfin_small_pattern.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1650" data-original-width="1650" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJgTImW-ngYuDOYfWohNHFGHIkwspUZuStWHnohFH_gLXSNxm5LEIt3qzsFUQ6_doX1HTn-Ke224SXfEoE3DpKxOhL_Wo9ZdXAc5fd-jOxrD7LIxiQtOBrj-bIfL3bDtGQMSbQcyfa3_o-_cxSBXSWj1Sa1Dd9KL4u3_kdIY-O39l6mte1fd8/s320/Fingolfin_small_pattern.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>And more about Galadriel. She established the realm of Eregion, which she ruled under Gil-Gilad. So, she would be one of the most important lords of his realm. And, she is the younger sister of Gil-Gilad’s grandfather Angrod, aunt to his father Orodreth. Why would she need Elrond to help her get an audience with Gil-Gilad? I have no objections to making Galadriel obsessed with killing orcs and finding Sauron, or portraying her as a younger elf (she is already thousands of years old, but she could still look young, I am sure). All that is fine. But, by diminishing her status I do not see what the story creators for <i>Rings of Power</i> are adding to the story. It was unnecessary to demote her, and doing so makes the film more cliched than if they had presented us with a more unusual situation of the highest ranking female elf in the world going off on dangerous missions. On the other hand, I think the series may be able to show character development and growth for Galadriel, and so I am objecting to the context of her personality and its significance, rather than her personality in general. <div><br /></div><div>Gil-Galad should not be the one determining who can go to Valinor. The Elves decide for themselves when they go across the sea. The show creators have given the elves a far less interesting culture and civilization by portraying them as having an intrusive absolute monarchy where the High King can make such deeply personal decisions for his subjects. Tolkien was suspicious of power, and the High King of the Elves should not be exercising such power. The show creators have missed an opportunity to show something great and significant, and instead followed a boring trope about powerful kings. Sigh.<br /><div><br /></div><div>Most of the portrayals of elves in the several film and television adaptations of Tolkien’s world miss the sense that elves are not entirely like humans (they are like the better aspects of who we should aspire to be). They are capable of flaws (some were corrupted, and there have been instances of kin-slaying), but in many ways, they have motivations and behaviors that are unlike those of mortal humans. For example, they don’t get old, so whether an elf is 500 years old or 1000 years old or 5000 years old, they might exhibit psychological dynamics humans could associate with younger adults or middle-aged adults or senior adults. Had the show creators considered this, they might have seen that portraying Galadriel as being obsessed with finding and destroying the last traces of Morgoth’s damage to Middle Earth and eliminating his captains (Sauron in particular, since it was Sauron who was responsible for the death of her brother Finrod) could have been consistent with portraying Galadriel as one of the greatest and most heroic of all the elves in Middle Earth (in the same class of lords as Gil-Gilad, Cirdan, and Elrond). She should not be portrayed as a junior up-and-coming officer in Gil-Galad’s kingdom.</div><div><br /> During the time of the story (later Second Age) Elrond should meet and fall in love with Galadriel’s daughter, Celebrían. I wonder if we will meet Celebrían in a later season. Elrond and Celebrían do not get married until early in the Third Age, so Galadriel won’t become Elrond’s mother-in-law during the <i>Rings of Power</i> series, but their friendship should be portrayed in such a way that this eventual fate should be plausible. In the first two episodes of <i>Rings of Power</i> there is no indication that Galadriel is married or that she has a daughter.<p></p><p>I do not mind it that the show creators have female dwarves without beards. That is a trivial detail, and the idea that female dwarves had beards and were nearly indistinguishable from male dwarves seems like exactly the sort of story element that can be changed to make a better television show. Do we want all the dwarf women to be portrayed by male actors or female actors with false beards? Maybe that would be more interesting, but I think the use of dwarf females without beards is fine. It doesn’t matter to the story.</p><p>The races of actors and actresses is unimportant, and I am entirely indifferent to that, and do not see any reason for controversy on that point. </p><p>Elves should be both extremely wise and good and powerful, but also merry and full of laughter and light-hearted humor. So far, we are only seeing the serious side of elves, and that is too bad. Showing their laughter and light-hearted aspect could give them greater complexity. The show creators seem to think that Elves are merely a special race of humans. They are not human; they are closer to angels than humans, or at least something in-between, and should be shown as masters of speech and song. If the show-creators and screenwriters are not masters of language, perhaps they will fail to adequately portray the nobility of elves through their speech. I am not impressed with the dialog in the series so far. The screenwriters ought to improve their writing. I suggest that they read Tolkien, and draw inspiration from his writing.</p><p>As to all the non-canon characters, I’m fine with those stories. There is so little written about the Second Age, and what is written is mostly not part of the story that Amazon has rights to portray, so I expected the show creators to mainly use non-canon characters doing things that fit in with the broad framework of the Second Age. In fact, given how I dislike some of the things they have done with characters that Tolkien wrote about, I am hoping we will see more of the characters that Amazon created. Telling stories about such new people will reduce opportunities for show-creators to contradict the points that Tolkien did make about the Second Age. I used to play Iron Crown's Middle-Earth Role-Playing (like D&D, but set early in the Third Age of Tolkien's world). In playing campaigns in that setting, I saw that given the Tolkien framework, one could create new characters and stories, and do so without trying to change significant aspects of Middle Earth history or the characters who are named or described in Tolkien’s books. I wish that the show creators had taken an approach like that, with Tolkien's heroes being present but distant. </p><br /><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYxB9ZWj4OEaxj-hyNSWDque3APdRclGuR0PTZnHo8fIe3voY5o7COX9QHLhONb5IXz57AYO2AvinRIe-EGUKISUAJZnw1DiBpS55FX0ECBAuYcU_tP9kB_Nx3VaczMgt9r2kDQjnfJvJntIdWzONmOsKPZH9BxSiiwcJ2qkKXJMJ3lHDfXWs/s1305/Luthien_elanor_device.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1305" data-original-width="1304" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYxB9ZWj4OEaxj-hyNSWDque3APdRclGuR0PTZnHo8fIe3voY5o7COX9QHLhONb5IXz57AYO2AvinRIe-EGUKISUAJZnw1DiBpS55FX0ECBAuYcU_tP9kB_Nx3VaczMgt9r2kDQjnfJvJntIdWzONmOsKPZH9BxSiiwcJ2qkKXJMJ3lHDfXWs/s320/Luthien_elanor_device.png" width="320" /></a></div><br /><p><br /></p><p>Were I designing a massive Rings of Power television series to span seven seasons, I would do it like this:</p><p>Season one. In the first two episodes, show events around 950-1000, including the rise of Sauron in Mordor and the beginning of the construction of Barad-dur. Episodes 3 & 4 skip ahead, set in 1200, we see Sauron (disguised and appearing fair and helpful) meet Gil-Gilad and Elrond, and they reject him, but he goes to Eregion, and cultivates the trust of the elves there. The skills of the elves increase. These episodes would show Numenor becoming more imperialistic and the strong friendships between the elves of Eregion and the dwarves of Kazad-dum. Episodes 5-8 would show Sauron forging the One Ring, and season 1 would conclude in 1693 with the beginning of the war between the elves and Sauron. In episode 6 we would meet the Blue Wizards, and in episode 7 or 8 we would be introduced to Glorfindel, returned from the Halls of Mandos and Valinor. I can imagine the scene where he meets Galadriel and brings her news of her dead brother Finrod, given a new body and reincarnated so that he could enjoy life in Valinor with his wife Amarië and their father Finarfin. I wonder if this Amazon series will portray that.</p><p>Season two would be the war between elves and Sauron. We would see the years 1693 to 1701. Harfoot and human characters introduced in the second half of the first season could have their stories continue in the eight years covered in this season. </p><p>Season three would be from 2220 to 2280. We would see the last year of the reign of Tar-Atanamir The Great in Numenor (440 years old and dying in episode one), who would exhibit pride and greed, and we would see the last of the messengers sent by the Valar to him, and witness his complaints about the doom of men and mortality. Then the rest of the season would take place during the early reign of Tar-Ancalimon. We would see the construction of the new city of Pelargir and the fortress of Umbar as Numenorian outposts on Middle Earth. We would see the transformation of Sauron’s captains (introduced late in Season 1, developed in Season 2) into the Nazgul. The rings would have magnified their power and extended their lives. Presumably there would be dwarf lords who would use their rings of power and have amassed tremendous treasures and founded powerful centers of mining, culture, and trade (and we might see one of these dwarf lords betrayed by Sauron and consumed by a dragon). We would see the corruption and strife within Numenor contrasted with the nobility and virtue of its people. The season would have some of the deepest philosophical critiques of modernity, because the Kings’ Men (Numenorians who despise the Ban of the Valar and share Tar-Atanamir’s distrust of the elves and the Valar) would be very recognizable in their pursuit of wealth and diversion and their desperate desire to extend their life-spans. There would be interesting and speculative conversations about death in this season. The Kings’ Men should be “good” in their sense of fairness, their courtesy and kindness, and their generosity, but their flaws should be shown to spring from their pride, their fear of death, and their greed. </p><p>Season four would skip ahead 900 years and show us the years from 3175 to 3262. We would see civil war in Numenor. We would see Tar Palantir take the throne after the death of his father, and his attempts to get the Numenoreans back on track, devoted to the Valar and the old customs, but opposed by his brother Gimilkhad and his nephew, Gimilkhad’s son Pharazon. Pharazon should be extremely likeable, and heroic, and the opening episode should introduce him fighting bravely against Sauron. The final episode would show Pharazon returning to Numenor where his military victories over Sauron in Middle Earth and his generosity and charisma would enable him to force a marriage upon his unwilling cousin Miriel, and usurp the Numenorean throne. Elendil would be a central character.</p><p>Season five would be from 3262 to 3319. We would see Numenor destroyed at the end of this season. Al-Pharazon would bring a massive army from Numenor and capture Sauron, and we would see Sauron corrupting the Numenoreans. Elendil, Isildur, and Anárion would be main figures of the story</p><p>Season six would be from 3319 to 3429, and would depict the establishment of Gondor and Arnor, and the return of Sauron to Mordor. There could be interesting stories about the establishment of the Kingdoms in Exile (Arnor and Gondor). </p><p>Season seven would be from 3429 to 3441, and would conclude with the Last Alliance of Elves and Men in a great war against Sauron, and the end of the Second Age.</p><p>In a seven season series like this, the Elves (and any wizards or ents) would be consistent through all seven seasons. Some Numenorians and dwarves could be found in multiple seasons, as Numenorians could live perhaps as long as four centuries, and dwarves could live nearly three centuries. Elendil, for example, would be introduced in the first episode of season four as a young 56-year-old Numenorean prince (his father was the Lord of Andúnië in Numenor), and he would perish in the final or penultimate episode of the seventh season as the 322-year-old heroic king of Numenoreans in exile. Normal human and harfoot characters would have to have their stories contained within one season in general. Some could be in the final half of season one and all of season two, or late in season six and all through season seven. No problem there. </p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjczzUUfn_ZeIKz2wGEVHUH3HAaRC10U-QEZm7_jviVXuEDUji5j8FKONnqTq-6-r88S5QsnbhtUgCz_kBC7CL6_HMYUlfu_hrSx96pz7VmKDxADm0Z_fBQIcnQExxvPdl17RsUZCgDbZu1mQel_CdkFtX9-N-TmQrvE-qb9HZ-DV1NKOkvt5g/s2507/Luthian_niphredil_crest.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2506" data-original-width="2507" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjczzUUfn_ZeIKz2wGEVHUH3HAaRC10U-QEZm7_jviVXuEDUji5j8FKONnqTq-6-r88S5QsnbhtUgCz_kBC7CL6_HMYUlfu_hrSx96pz7VmKDxADm0Z_fBQIcnQExxvPdl17RsUZCgDbZu1mQel_CdkFtX9-N-TmQrvE-qb9HZ-DV1NKOkvt5g/s320/Luthian_niphredil_crest.png" width="320" /></a></div>The stories so far, in the first couple episodes of the <i>Rings of Power</i>, are interesting, and entertaining, and I am certainly interested in what will happen next. I care about the characters, and I intend to watch the whole series. However, it seems to me that the characters are just being established, and so far, things are happening to the characters, but they are not driving the plot. That is, in good story-telling, I think characters make decisions and have goals and aims and purposes, and they try to do these things, and make decisions and plans, and their actions bring them into situations with which they must cope, but so far, the series mainly has things happening, and characters responding to these events, which is not really so interesting. I trust that this will change as the new episodes come out, and we will come to know and care about these characters more than we do now. <p></p><p>All-in-all, from these first two episodes, it seems to me Amazon has made a good effort and produced something worth watching. It is mostly enjoyable. It is not great on the level I had hoped, and where it falls short, I fear it falls short because the show creators have lacked the vision and creativity to get past some story-telling tropes and cliches. But, the series succeeds sufficiently to have caught my interest, and I look forward to future episodes with more anticipation than dread, although both those feelings are certainly present.</p><p></p><p><br /></p></div></div>Eric Hadley-Iveshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07349423480178819276noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19990974.post-76460449844428707642022-05-09T16:15:00.002-07:002022-09-01T14:50:34.850-07:00Why I oppose legal restrictions on abortion even more than I oppose abortion<p> <span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px;">I’ve read the draft resolution from Justice Alito, in which the 1973 Supreme Court Case </span><i style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px;">Roe v Wade </i><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px;">is attacked.</span><span class="Apple-converted-space" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px;">Let me propose several horrible and barbaric outcomes:</span></p><ol class="ol1"><li class="li1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">children who are unborn are killed (this is the outcome Alito is most concerned about; it's nearly his only concern).</li><li class="li1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">The maturity and autonomy of women is dismissed by the coercive power of the state; so that instead of allowing women to seek their own spiritual guidance and consult medical opinions when making a decision about terminating a pregnancy, they must instead obey the coercive power of the state telling them what decisions they are allowed to make.</li><li class="li1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">We could lose the right to privacy, a traditional right that was widely understood back even in the 17th century, and certainly in the 18th century when the philosopher-founders of our nation were drafting and approving the Constitution. Privacy was one of those rights not specifically named in the Constitution, but we had the Ninth Amendment in the Constitution to protect such rights.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>That is, the rights that are spelled out and directly mentioned in the Constitution are not the entire set of all rights Americans have; they are just those rights specifically named in the Constitution.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Other rights exist, and belong to the people, and the general preference in Constitutional law and interpretation should be to assume that people have more rights, and the government has only a narrow scope in which to diminish those rights. The right to privacy, and the general idea that Americans have many rights not specifically mentioned in the Constitution, should be a basic assumption in the judiciary, and Alito’s argument against <i>Roe v Wade, 1973</i> undermines this understanding of our rights. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></li><li class="li1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">The state could violate the sacred relationship between a doctor and a patient. In general, I trust a medical profession more than I trust government bureaucrats and members of the legislature.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>I’d rather allow the medical profession to make decisions about how and when abortions should be performed. I think professions should be self-governing and self-regulating, and the government should only bring in its coercive powers to ensure that the medical profession is respecting the rights of the citizens and treating patients in accordance with basic standards of fairness and safety.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>That is, the government should have a limited role, mainly in oversight, and delegate to the professions and their leaders most of the decisions about how those professions should practice their skills. Laws restricting the medical use of abortions and removing the medical profession's opinion as a consideration is a gross overreach and tyrannical intrusion by coercive state power into realms where it does not belong.</li><li class="li1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">An ethical dilemma that ought to be resolved by spiritual searching and examination, with decisions made through motives of love, will instead be resolved by force and coercion, with decisions made with motives of fear.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></li><li class="li1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">In a question that has no objective scientific answer (when does the sacredness of life begin, as it must surely begin at some point between conception and the approximate time a fetus reaches viability?) will be decided by a decision that forces all citizens to conform to the assumptions of religions that are not even part of the spiritual life for a majority of Americans.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The idea that abortions must be banned is an idea promulgated by a religious minority in this country.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Most religions would allow for exceptions to a general rule forbidding abortions, or would not even have a general rule forbidding or discouraging abortions.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Most secular persons do not even agree that the life of the embryo or fetus has a status comparable with the preferences of the mother until late in the pregnancy anyway.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>It would be a very bad situation for our country if our courts and legislatures tried to impose the religious beliefs of a minority on the whole society, and I believe Alito wants do exactly that. If a political party dominated by Hindus came to power, and outlawed beef consumption, or an alliance of Jewish and Islamic political parties got into power and banned the use of pork in human foods, or if a group of vegans gained power in alliance with certain high-caste Hindus and strict Buddhists, and simply outlawed all consumption of animal-based foods, those situations would be wrong; and it's wrong for the people who believe human life—with attending human rights—begins when an egg is fertilized to force everyone to live by their idiosyncratic faith system.</li></ol><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">I think Alito is correct when he suggests that abortions used for birth control in the second trimester are a barbarity. I suppose that abortions after the second week of gestation are probably a great moral harm to the mother when performed electively as a form of birth control. But, there are many other harms to consider in imposing laws that forbid abortions. Looking at the scientific evidence for how many fertilized eggs go on to develop into babies born in life births, it seems this universe is already set up in a situation where perhaps 1-in-4 or 1-in-5 “conceptions” do not lead to live births. This, therefore, seems to be a natural and common phenomenon, although of course the fact that it is natural does not make it a good situation.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Cancer is natural, as is heart disease. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">I’m for free choice in cases like this, where there is ambiguity and doubt about what harms are included in one of the possible choices. When the choice is abortion, this is probably a great harm to the unborn child who is a developing potential person, but I do not know how great a harm it really is.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Is it like murder?<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>I don’t think so.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>And, there can be great harms to the mother if she is coerced into keeping the developing body inside her womb to give birth to it.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Allowing abortion will allow tremendous moral harms, but taking away the right for women and doctors to decide to have an abortion creates even more moral harms. In modern, complex societies, we allow many things that cause harm to innocents. The USA practices war and helps other nations practice war, generally justifying war by pointing out that the targets of the war have done terrible things, and are likely to do more terrible things, and kill many innocent persons.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Yet, in our conduct of wars, even wars that are perhaps very justified and righteous (e.g., the war against Japanese imperialism and Nazi Fascism in the 1930s-1940s, the war to stop Communist aggression in Korea in the 1950s) many innocents will be harmed, possibly as bombs kill civilians, or as soldiers, even from the “good side,” commit atrocities and rapes on or near the battlefield. That is the nature of war, and we continue to tolerate an international world political system in which war is a frequent condition.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">There are other examples. We allow widespread use of personal vehicles, but tens of thousands of innocent persons are killed in car and truck accidents, which could be dramatically reduced if we devoted more public resources to public transport. We recognize a right to own guns, although every year many people die from gun-inflicted suicides, random gun violence, and mass shootings.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>If we removed all guns, we would save many lives, but we value the right to own guns above the value of the lives that would be saved. We use chlorine in water treatment, although a number of persons die of cancers caused by some of the byproducts of this form of water treatment, but reverse osmosis purification of water is far more expensive, so we save money and allow a number of persons to die, sticking with chlorinated water instead of water distilled through reverse osmosis. The burning of coal kills a substantial number of persons through lung diseases, but economists and lawyers estimate the cost of not burning coal, and assign a value to each life lost, and decide that it’s okay to continue operating coal-fired power plants; we don’t need to shut them all down.</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>So, like these situations, arguing that abortions should remain legal is an argument that there are things more valuable than the lives of the potential children that are lost (possibly as innocent human lives) in abortion. The Germans, Italians, Slovaks, and Hungarians could stop using Russian gas completely, and thus force Russia to end its war against Ukraine sooner.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>But, the Germans and some other Europeans value the convenience of lower cost energy over the lives of innocent Ukrainians and the soldiers of Russia and Ukraine who perish in the Russian invasion and war of conquest against Ukraine. Deciding that something is more important than human life is often done in ways that are dubious.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>With a political will we now lack, the USA could rescue people in Yemen and West Tigray from the genocidal wars and starvation that results in those war-torn lands There are thousands of lives at risk in Afghanistan, Syria, Libya, Haiti, South Sudan, Myanmar, the Congo, and so forth. Americans could save those lives by bringing tens of thousands of refugees into our country from those places, but we don’t do that.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Normally, life and the preservation of life is the highest value.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>But, there are times when the prolonging or preservation of life is not the highest value.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Ask a hospital ethicist about quality of life versus preservation of life, and you will hear some horror stories about lives prolonged too long. And, in the many examples I’ve given, human lives are not valued more than other aspects of life. In the case of banning abortion, the harms from imposing such bans are many.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>I think it entirely reasonable that a person could cringe in horror at the thought of the barbarity of using abortion as a birth control method, and still strongly oppose legal attempts to restrict access to abortion, because such laws and their enforcement would impose even greater barbarities on society. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></p>Eric Hadley-Iveshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07349423480178819276noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19990974.post-18009526896723422592022-04-23T23:02:00.005-07:002022-04-25T10:13:50.858-07:00Thoughts on the labor situation at UIS<p> <span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px;">Five years ago the faculty at my university went on strike, and we have just voted this past week to approve a strike again this year.</span><span class="Apple-converted-space" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px;">That doesn’t mean we will certainly go on strike; it means that ten days after we file an intent to strike, we may choose to do so.</span><span class="Apple-converted-space" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px;">So, on May 2nd or thereafter, we could go on strike</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">There were 139 faculty in my bargaining unit back in September, but two of us have passed away, and three have retired, so currently there are 134 of us remaining. My guess is that about 120 of us would be either marching around striking or else at least refraining from crossing the picket line. I suppose about 14 of my colleagues would work in defiance of a strike, but I might be too pessimistic about that.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">The intent to strike reflects several things.</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><br /></p><ol class="ol1"><li class="li1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">We have been bargaining for over 13 months.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>I’ve attended the last seven or eight bargaining sessions. In the past two or three bargaining sessions I saw things happening, but in the first four or five sessions the pace was very slow.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>I can’t imagine what it was like in the 18+ bargaining sessions back in 2021 before I started attending. Anyway, impatience and frustration are feeding the dissatisfaction that prompted our faculty to vote to strike.</li><li class="li1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Our faculty feel that our university is neglected by the larger university system of which we are a part.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>That is, our Board of Trustees uses a formula to send some of state’s appropriation to the U of I system that perpetuates inequality, and should revise that formula. In essence, our faculty earn less because we teach students who are more likely to be from households with modest incomes, and our students have a high percentage (relative to UIUC) who are first-generation college students, African-American, Hispanic (although UIC has a far greater percentage Hispanic than we do), and veterans. We think this unconsciously pushes the board to undervalue our university, underpay our faculty, and generally exclude us from benefiting from system-wide assets.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></li><li class="li1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">We think the administration can come up with the money pay us what we want to be paid. We believe the administration at the System level and the campus level have the power to stop or slow the rate of decline in enrollments, possibly modestly increase enrollments—at least in the next couple years, raise more revenue from tuition, allocate a fair share of state allocations to our campus, trim salaries and staff position costs in non-teaching areas, and work more effectively in convincing the state government to provide more funding. We do not expect revenue increases to keep up with inflation, but we expect that revenue increases can come close to that target over a three-to-five year period.</li><li class="li1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">We believe the administration at the System level and campus level could invest more in the core mission of our campus, and reduce some of the other costs.</li><li class="li1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">We believe it is fair and appropriate and possible for the U of I System and our campus to plan out payments to us that would, by the final year of a five-year contract (in 2025-2026), have faculty receive compensation that would be at approximately the same level we had in 2020-2021 in inflation-adjusted dollars.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></li><li class="li1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">We are also interested in striking because of the way the university has been responding (or not responding at all) to our proposals.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Not just compensation proposals, but on matters related to workload, parking, and other matters, we have not been pleased with how the University responds.</li><li class="li1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">We think that threatening to strike, or actually striking, will get us a better contract.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>And, we are so angry at our administration, that even if the cost of striking (we assume that we will lose our pay for the days we strike) exceeds the increases we could get through striking, we want to express our strong negative emotions against the administration.</li></ol><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDGro6LGP3wDKX5n3QjiTElaXYtB3lWOYx9juUUwIrjMIPDJC9845Kg0vytEbIvczu3ihW6UUSjYYajRarOkEuddcm_c4XZ19ThaN_L6S0K0InJv-1GBBM4QqaYnECyQ5LIGZCSYcWc6dKjrqjCACXBRCXnithOdNpmnQ42Lu5awvr4o0rnjk/s4032/UIS_campus_April_2022%20-%201.jpeg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3024" data-original-width="4032" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDGro6LGP3wDKX5n3QjiTElaXYtB3lWOYx9juUUwIrjMIPDJC9845Kg0vytEbIvczu3ihW6UUSjYYajRarOkEuddcm_c4XZ19ThaN_L6S0K0InJv-1GBBM4QqaYnECyQ5LIGZCSYcWc6dKjrqjCACXBRCXnithOdNpmnQ42Lu5awvr4o0rnjk/w400-h300/UIS_campus_April_2022%20-%201.jpeg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Entry to PAC on the UIS campus</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">The vote to strike, the threat to strike, and the possible strike that may come, are all mainly done to speed up the process, and push the administration to make some reasonable concessions.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>We would like them to pick up the pace so that we can exchange proposals and counter-proposals going back and forth between our bargaining teams every few days, rather than waiting weeks or months to get responses.</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">The state of Illinois claims that public Universities are supposed to support various public goals.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>We want to produce an educated workforce that will make Illinois attractive to employers, and we want to produce nurses, school teachers, social workers, public administrators, accountants, business managers and executives, scientists, medical workers, and doctors to meet the needs of the public and the state.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>We also want to create opportunities for persons who have been historically excluded from higher education and the middle class to gain access to American prosperity.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>That is, we especially want to take bright and hard-working persons from working-class or impoverished backgrounds, and persons who are African-American, Hispanic, Native American, and so forth, and give them a high quality education at a low price so that they will enter the middle class without having a burden of extremely high student debt.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">If you examine research on the incomes and the financial need of students who attend UIS and compare that to UIC and UIUC, you will find that in most respects, our campus is doing that second part, and giving a very affordable high-quality education to our students, and our students include a greater number of persons who are in those groups where their grandparents and ancestors were likely to have been excluded from many benefits of public investment. If you look at UIUC, you will see that they mainly draw from a population where the parents are better educated and enjoy higher salaries. They are more selective, and students who can afford to attend private schools, or get coaching and tutoring on standardized tests, or do interesting extracurricular activities instead of working to help bring in extra income to their households are more likely to be able to choose UIUC.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>That’s how it is at flagship Universities and the selective private universities. Regional teaching-oriented universities do attract students from advantaged backgrounds. We’re convenient, and in the case of UIS, the quality of teaching in many classes is equal-to or superior to what students might get at an expensive private school or in Urbana-Champaign. Some students just want to stay away from the massive major campuses, and prefer a more personalized experience, especially in their undergraduate studies. But, the point is, schools such as UIS have more students who are lower in social-economic status compared to the students at the flagship schools, and for elite persons serving on Boards of Trustees or in the Executive levels of System administration, this tends to feed a bias against the students and staff at regional schools.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">So, when the state of Illinois hands out its public subsidy to higher education, the students at UIC and UIS ought to be getting more than UIUC.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>They will get more financial support such as the state’s grants to low-income Illinois residents, but also when it comes to the subsidies that go to the campuses, the spending per student ought to reflect a formula that considers typical household incomes, proportion of the students getting veteran benefits, and perhaps also the percentage of students whose ancestors were blocked from accumulating assets for many generations when our nation blatantly excluded some people from schemes of public investment and support (e.g., persons who are African-Americans).<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">It is possible to calculate how the state invests its public higher education budget on a per-student basis by examining the Illinois Board of Higher Education’s website to see the most recent Full-Time-Equivalent (FTE) enrollments at the 12 public universities (9 universities, but U of I has three universities and Southern Illinois has two, if we exclude hospitals and medical schools, which are things apart from typical universities).<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Looking at that ratio of funding per student, you can find that over recent years the U of I Board of Trustees has been passing on about $5,900 to $6,100 per student to UIS, and a figure of $6,000 per FTE student is almost exactly right for the most recent allocation (UIC gets about $6,020, and UIUC gets about $4,560).<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The state spends more on UIS and UIC students than UIUC, but I’ve just explained why the spending-per student at UIS should be compared to schools more like the regionals, Northeastern, Northern, Western, Eastern, and Governors State. The<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>FY 2021 state fiscal allocation to those campuses per FTE student are: Northeastern, $7,610; Northern, $6,390; Western, $7,960; Eastern, $6080; and Governors State, $7,200.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>If the U of I System invested the state’s money in our campus at a rate of $6,500 per FTE student (rather than $6,000), that would bring in about $1.5 million more revenue to our campus each year.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>An increase of $1.5 million in revenue distributed to our campus presents a shift of 00.329% of the $456 million in state revenue distributed to the campuses.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>So, if the U of I System sent 4.35% of its $456 million unrestricted state subsidy to UIS instead of the 4.02% it sends now, that would give our campus $1.5 million more.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Let me say a little more about the University of Illinois budget. The University of Illinois is a massive system, with about $2.5 billion in general operating revenue each year. But, if you include all the restricted funds (housing fees that can only be used for housing, research grants that must be used for research, money generated for the hospital that can only be used in the hospital, etc.) it’s a $7.2 billion organization in terms of the total system budget. Within this system, about $622 million is given by the state government (through the Illinois Board of Higher Education according to the budget passed by the General Assembly and signed by the Governor) toward general education on the three campuses. The state also gives students grants, and those are paid to the universities in our system, but we’ll just look at the award of the direct appropriation. Of that $622 million, about $456 million is totally unrestricted and goes to the campuses, where it can be used for anything. Of that $456 million, about $235 million goes to the UIUC (Urbana-Champaign), about $203 million goes to the UIC (Chicago), and about $18.4 million went to Springfield this fiscal year.</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">However, in addition the $622 million appropriated for FY 2022, earlier in April of 2022, when the state passed its fiscal year 2023 budget, an additional $29 million was given to the University of Illinois system for this fiscal year (FY 2022).<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Will the UIS get any of that?<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The UIS got 2.9% of the $622 million initially given for this fiscal year (4.0% of the completely unrestricted funding).<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>If we are given 2.9% of that supplemental FY 2022 allocation from the state, it would bring in over $850,000 to our campus to use this fiscal year.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Considering how hard faculty have worked during the Pandemic to switch to online instruction, and now give instruction in combined formats of classroom and online, and considering recent high inflation, we would like some of that to be awarded to faculty.</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Another problem is that UIS has a “structural deficit” with the University of Illinois system.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>That means that expenditures at UIS are greater than revenues, so the University of Illinois system lends money to UIS, and UIS pays this back.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>This repayment to the University of Illinois System from UIS is seen by many UIS faculty as a way for the “middle class and upper class mainly white campus” of UIUC to extract resources from the “higher proportion of veterans, African-Americans, and working class student campus” of UIS.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The University of Illinois System could wipe out the so-called “debt” owed to the System by UIS, and could do so with some of the supplemental $29 million received this year. Our strike will hopefully bring attention to this matter.</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Let’s next consider enrollment.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Faculty have some responsibility when it comes to graduate student enrollment.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>When someone is interested in a graduate program at UIS, faculty generally need to follow up with e-mails, phone calls, or meetings to explain the graduate program and assess whether a potential student would likely succeed in the program.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The Admissions Office and the Marketing Department and Financial Aid Department have important roles to play, and there may be an academic professional who does much of the explaining to prospective students, but faculty do have an important task related to recruitment and admissions in graduate programs.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>When I was the chair of a department with a modest graduate program, I would say the communications with prospective students could take from two hours a week to eight hours a week, depending upon the time of year.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The administration of my college decided that program would be okay if no faculty had the responsibility of caring for recruitment of graduate students, and I left that department, and was not replaced. The lack of any faculty in that graduate program caused an enrollment crash, and the department is now being phased out of existence.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>It used to bring in about 15 to 25 graduate students a year, and the administrators decided the program was too small, and could be handled without any cost-centered faculty in the department. They were wrong.</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Although faculty do have some role in recruiting graduate students, most of the marketing, recruitment, and admissions work for graduate programs needs to be handled by skilled non-teaching staff in the university’s marketing department, admissions department, and financial aid.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Colleges also need academic professionals who help with the inquiries from potential students. One reason we faculty are upset at the university administration is that we feel that the administration has failed to employ an adequate number of skilled persons in marketing, admissions, financial aid, and also academic professionals in our colleges. This harms enrollment, and does far more harm than anything faculty could do to correct the situation.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Also, the administration has successfully pushed several graduate programs to close on our campus. These were programs that faculty wanted to keep, but the administrators did not want them, so they were closed. I do not believe any of those graduate programs were losing money.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>When faculty pointed out that the tuition and fee revenues generated by the programs exceeded the portion of faculty salaries devoted to teaching and mentoring in those programs, this information was dismissed and ignored. Whenever the administration complains about declining graduate enrollments, the faculty remember this.</p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><br /></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNEpcxuZGBzA8xZnoTsEmVD3pIwdPXzGoK0sTwLcq11ji5dGuLNXyqDu3Yz4cPQaNzRY_AnLsd_aUD_5GBJoJROld45CAUJoT29HUu9cWJtMm7f186OhWDxoNeaw8WE97EQjg2fKJtej-Daq8Psv-2dj7dPibPZ8qKagpN8etEWbGg6vx8_Tc/s4032/UIS_campus_April_2022%20-%203.jpeg" style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3024" data-original-width="4032" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNEpcxuZGBzA8xZnoTsEmVD3pIwdPXzGoK0sTwLcq11ji5dGuLNXyqDu3Yz4cPQaNzRY_AnLsd_aUD_5GBJoJROld45CAUJoT29HUu9cWJtMm7f186OhWDxoNeaw8WE97EQjg2fKJtej-Daq8Psv-2dj7dPibPZ8qKagpN8etEWbGg6vx8_Tc/w400-h300/UIS_campus_April_2022%20-%203.jpeg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Looking out the (dirty) windows of Brookens toward PAC</td></tr></tbody></table><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Another problem at UIS was the fact that from about 2011 to 2017 there was a boom in international student enrollment, but this was followed by a bust. This enrollment was mainly in the computer science department and the accountancy department, although there were generally many graduate students from India and China coming into other programs in the business college. Changes in the mood in the USA, changes in student visa policies, changes in visa policies for persons with demanded skills, and changes in public health policies (the 2020-2022 Pandemic) popped this bubble of high international graduate student enrollment. During the peak of the boom, in 2015 and 2016, there was investment in non-teaching staff, but only modest investment in faculty in computer science and the business college. One budget problem faculty believe faces UIS is that we built up a non-teaching infrastructure to help with the high international graduate student numbers we had around 2012-2016, but now that revenue has deflated, and the administration has not adequately considered how to build back up the numbers of graduate students.</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Faculty at UIS are frustrated because they know they are underpaid.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>We suspect that one of several contributing factors to our being underpaid is that our campus is somewhat too “top-heavy” and we have, on our campus, allocated slightly too much to some non-core activities and administrative leaders, and this has contributed somewhat to low faculty pay.</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">First, how do we know faculty are underpaid?<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>We can compare ourselves to similar schools, look at our salaries, and see than we generally earn less than others.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>At UIS our full professors (there are not many of them) tend to be paid at rates similar to averages at comparable schools, and the faculty in our business college, on average, also earn slightly higher salaries than business faculty at comparable schools, but most of our departments, and certainly our junior and mid-career faculty (assistant professors, associate professors, and even the lecturers and adjuncts who are outside our bargaining unit) are paid too little. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">We can compare our salaries to state averages at public universities.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>We assume that state averages should, in general, be a bit higher than our salaries. There are many reasons for this.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Many public universities are near Chicago, and the cost-of-living in Chicago is 15% to 20% higher than in Springfield. Faculty at major research universities (SIU-Carbondale; ISU, UIUC, and UIC are research universities) tend to earn more than those in comprehensive and teaching-oriented universities.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Faculty at community colleges in Illinois tend to be paid well, as their salaries depend mostly on property taxes, which in Illinois are a major source of public revenue, whereas faculty at the 12 public universities depend more on total state revenue, which is more dependent on income and sales taxes and the instability of state politics. Still, even if we accept that our salaries might be equitable if we were paid 8% or 10% below state averages, we are even below that in most departments. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">At UIS, our biology and chemistry professors earn more than 25% below state averages for public post-secondary instructors in their fields.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Political Science, Environmental Science, and Communications professors also earn more than 20% below state averages for faculty in their respective disciplines. Psychology faculty are right at 20% below state averages in psychology.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Our history faculty earn about 17% less than average for public history faculty in the state, despite the fact that two of our fairly well-paid Lincoln scholars are in that department. Our English, philosophy, and math professors are all below 90% of state averages. We can also compare average faculty salaries at our campus to the 19 public universities considered peer institutions by either/both of the Illinois Board of Higher Education and the University of Illinois Board of Trustees. Faculty salaries are published on a government websites, and we have determined that our faculty have average salaries about $4,000 below the average faculty salaries at the 20 schools in our comparison groups.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">We can compare our salaries to the average salaries for K-12 teachers in Illinois, and our colleagues down the road at Lincoln Land Community College.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The median salary for our bargaining unit is below the state average for K-12 teachers in Illinois, and we earn many thousands of dollars less than our colleagues in Lincoln Land Community College. Incidentally, K-12 teachers have widely varying salaries, depending upon how long they have been working and in which school district they are working. The lowest paid full-time tenure-track member of the bargaining unit is paid $47,620, which is well above the state mandated minimum for school teachers is a bit more than $10,000 lower than that, but in the local Springfield school district new school teachers tend to earn $39,000 to $45,000, and the average salary for teachers in District 186 (Springfield) is $65,889. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>As of September of this year, 44 of the 135 faculty (that’s nearly a third of us) who were in our bargaining unit as of January 2022 earned less than $65,000 per year.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Another 41 of us (30%) earn between $65,000 and $75,000. That is, 63% of the faculty in our bargaining unit earn less than $75,000 per year.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"><br /></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space">We can also compare our faculty salaries to the salaries of administrators at UIS. Looking at the salaries of 20 faculty who were in the same rank back in 2010 as they were at the start of this academic year, we can see that their salaries increased by 28.3% over those dozen years, but when you control for inflation, their salaries actually dropped by 2.6%. You can then compare those faculty salaries to a set of the 25 top administrative positions at UIS, and see what persons in those positions were paid in 2010, and compare it to the salaries for persons in those positions now. That shows that these administrative position salaries increased by 37.1%, and after adjusting for inflation, they increased by 4.2%. <b>So, the faculty, who think they are underpaid, have seen inflation-adjusted pay decreases of 2.6% over the past 12 years, and administrative leadership at UIS has had their real inflation-adjusted pay increase by 4.2%. </b>Not all administrative positions have seen pay increases. The person in charge of IT on campus has had an inflation-adjusted <i>decrease</i> of 10.8% since 2010, and In 2022 the position of director of admissions had a salary that was 7.7% lower than the salary of the person who was in that position in 2010, after controlling for inflation. Perhaps we need to put more money into admissions and recruitment and faculty, and trim some of the money going to administration. We don't mean huge changes. Something along the order of a few percent more to us. It just seems fair. </span></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">The amount of money we are suggesting we should be paid is a reasonable amount. Using reasonable forecasts of likely inflation, the amount of compensation we are requesting now would get us to about 105% of where our salaries were in August of 2020 (using inflation-adjusted dollars) by 2025.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>If you total all the compensation costs for our salaries over the five years of the contract with what we are proposing, and adjust each year for inflation (use constant 2020 dollars using a variety of reasonable inflation models), the total cost to the university accumulated over the five years of the contract we are proposing would be a net decrease in labor cost of over $1 million (compared to just paying us exactly what we were paid in 2020-21 in inflation-adjusted dollars, keeping our salaries unchanged by perfectly matching inflation).<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>That is, although we would see increases in “current dollar” compensation each year, so that labor costs of our bargaining unit would cost the U of I a little over $9.15 million over five years more than what it would cost the University to freeze our wages at salaries we were paid in 2020-21, when you adjust for increases in cost of living and the deflating value of the dollar, the U of I System actually will be paying us less over those five years. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">By the way, our salary increase in current dollars would bring our salaries up to about 130.5% of what we earned in 2020-21 (not adjusting for inflation), and the university management’s proposal now would raise our salaries up to 118.6% by the same metric.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The Chancellor recently sent out an e-mail that did not have the same figures, but her point is correct, that we are asking for more than the university is offering.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Keep in mind that right now to have our salaries match what we were paid two years ago, we would need to be paid 113.6% more than what our salaries were two years ago, due to inflation. Just reporting current dollar amounts without adjusting for inflation is an inadequate way to examine the question.</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">What are reasonable inflation forecasts?<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Well, we already know what inflation was in the year before this contract started: depending on which summer month you pick and which adjusted consumer-price-index you use, inflation was around 5.1% to 5.4% leading up to our first year (this year).<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>This year the inflation rate is certain to be close to 8%.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>What will it be next year, or in the next two years that follow?<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>This is an important question, since we are intending to get a five year contract.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>We analyze our offers and the counters offered by management using three inflation models.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Both start us with the 5.2% and 8% we’ve already experienced preceding years one and two of our contract, and then we have an optimistic model that runs 4%, 2%, 1% in the subsequent years.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>A middle-range that runs 4.5%, 2.24%, and 2.24% in subsequent years, assuming that the last two years match the historical average between 2006 and 2020.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>We also have a pessimistic scenario that runs 5%, 3%, and 2.24%.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>In every case, we look at what our inflation-adjusted incomes would be in the final year of a five-year contract (2025-26) and determine that our inflation-adjusted incomes would be above what we earned in 2020-21.</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Our initial offer suggested that our pay increase should be 0.25% plus the inflation rate of the previous year, and then on top of that there would be additional money distributed according to a formula to make pay more equitable on our campus.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>It’s unusual to have contracts negotiate for a pay increase that is indexed to inflation, and that approach was dismissed.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>But, we should keep in mind some points.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Between 2006 and 2020 the inflation over those years averaged about 2.24% each year.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>When inflation is around 2%, contracts might have pay increases of about 2%.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>That is what we would bargain for in normal times; something a little better than inflation. If inflation is going to average 2.24%, perhaps our annual pay increases could be about 2.5%.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>But, just now, inflation is about 8%.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Therefore, we want pay increases that are higher than normal.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>If we had some way to know for certain that inflation will drop to 1% or 2% in a couple years, we would be able to accept a lower annual pay increase, just trying to catch up to the over 13% we’ve fallen behind since the summer of 2020 (5.2% in 20-21 and 8% in 21-22 actually puts us 13.62% behind).<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>We accept that it will take years for our pay increase to get us back up to where we were, in inflation-adjusted dollars.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>In our current proposal, if the administration accepted what we have on the table, our inflation-adjusted salaries for this year, next year, and following year would be below our 2020-2021 salaries, although a one-time hardship pay we’re seeking as a non-salary benefit would put us above that threshold either this year or next, if we received the full amount we’re asking for).<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">The administration’s current offer would have us at about 97.46% of our 2020-21 salaries by the end of the contract using the optimistic inflation model, and<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>94.44% with the pessimistic scenario.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Our most likely counter-offer, which is hardly different from our last offer, would put our salaries in the fifth year of the contract at 103.8% of 20-21 in our pessimistic model and 107.2% in the optimistic inflation case model.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Because we have accepted that our pay will sink below its 2020-21 level in inflation-adjusted dollars for the first few years of this contract, in order to balance out our pay over the five years, we want to come out over 100% of 20-21 in the fifth year of the contract (ideally in both the fourth and fifth year of the contract).<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>We also think that if our argument that we are underpaid is correct, we should get over 100% of what we were earning in 2020-21. So, an inflation-adjusted salary target of 104% to 107% in the fifth year of the contract seems about right to us.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>For faculty earning our median salary of $70,780 in 2020-2021, their salary in the fifth year would be $91,273 in 2025-2026, but adjusting for inflation and converting that $92,273 into 2020 dollars, the salary would be $72,653 (in the pessimistic inflation model, 2020 dollars) and $74,980 (in the optimistic inflation model, 2020 dollars).<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>As our average salary is about $4,000 less than the average faculty salary across peer institutions identified by the Board of Trustees and the Illinois Board of Higher Education, an inflation-adjusted salary that jumps from $70,780 in 2020 to $74,980 in 2025 is just about perfect, so if our optimistic inflation model turns out to accurately predict the future, our current proposal makes up the difference between our current salaries and the average salaries at peer institutions.</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">The faculty in our bargaining unit are not the only underpaid staff at UIS.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Strong enrollments and good retention of students requires our university to have well-staffed departments in marketing, admissions, and financial aid, as well as excellent tutors, advisors, and student support staff who help our online, commuter, and residential students succeed in their educations. Since we recognize the need for the university to increase the salaries of staff in these critical areas, and hire more persons with excellent skills in these areas, we of course don’t want all the plausible increases in revenue to only go to faculty.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>But, we desire good stewardship of the public resources invested in our campus.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>This means, largely, that we are upset when we see tens of thousands of dollars given to outside consultants and contractors who deliver to us products or services that are of dubious value. We are also irritated when resources are diverted into major efforts (in campus reorganization) that promise no improvement in educational value for students and no reduction in administrative overhead costs.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Also, we are interested in the correct ratio of support staff and administration to persons who are involved in direct instruction.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>We can examine the Gray Book for 2021-2022, a list of all University of Illinois employees and their salaries, to see the salaries of all the employees at UIS who have salaries (ignoring all those who earn hourly wages, and a few special cases, like the campus police, where their salaries are not reported), and see where the salary dollars go.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>We’ve studied this, and find that the faculty in our bargaining unit get about $10.96 million, or 20.5% of all salaries.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Another group of faculty who aren’t in our bargaining unit (mostly department chairs and non-tenure-track faculty), plus online coordinators, tutors, and academic advisors, who we all consider front-line educators in the same category with us, are paid an additional $5.9 million, or 11% of all salaries.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>So, putting those together, about 31.5% of the salaries at UIS are paid to people who directly help students learn and complete their degrees. There is another group of employees who provide college services and student services, including 16 administrators and 42 staff, counselors, coaches, trainers, etc.).<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>This group includes the deans for four colleges and their non-teaching salaried staff.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Many of these people are absolutely necessary, and probably deserve significant pay increases. Many of these people are critical to helping us recruit and retain students.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The cost for all these persons is $4.7 million, or 8.8% of all salaries and wages. Although we need many of these people, some of these positions might be cut as people retire, and perhaps we should not<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>replace them. We wonder if possibly the campus could function just as well with perhaps 53 rather than 58 of these college and student service persons, and perhaps $4.5 million rather than $4.7 million could go to the salaries in this group.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Then, we have 74 administrators and professionals who do not teach.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>They pull in $6.4 million, or 11.9% of all salaries and wages.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>This includes also many critical staff and administrative support.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The people in admissions, financial aid, and marketing are all in this group.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>We actually want more of them, and want to pay them higher salaries.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Our Information Technology Department includes several of these persons, and we couldn’t get our work done without their help.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>A campus needs lots of people who don’t teach, as these people keep the campus safe, prevent the buildings from falling apart, keep the grounds lovely so students like being on campus, and allow faculty to focus on their scholarship and teaching, so we don’t have to run everything ourselves.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>But, we just think that our campus could probably do with fewer than 74 of these salaried supportive administrators and professionals, and the budget allocation ($6.4 million) to that group could be slightly decreased (maybe to $6 million for 65 of them instead of $6.4 million for 74 of them).<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">The campus has many full-time employees who earn wages instead of salaries, or whose salaries are simply not included in the Gray Book.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>According to the UIS report to IPEDS (the federal data-collection center for higher education), we have 724 full-time employees at UIS, and we know the salaries and names of 366 persons.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>So, there are another 358 persons on campus who work full-time, and then also some part-time employees, including our adjunct instructors.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The salaries and wages for all these other full-time and part-time employees should take up about $14.6 million (that’s just taking the total amount reported as UIS expenses for salaries and wages in the budget and subtracting the salaries of everyone listed in the Gray Book or whose salaries we otherwise know about).<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>I don’t think we know enough about this group and their work to suggest there are cost savings to be had from them. Many are probably underpaid. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Much of the IPEDS data are nearly (but not quite) useless to make comparisons among schools.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>A couple variables that are more reliable and comparable are the counts of full-time faculty and all full-time employees.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>These can be compared to create a ratio of faculty to all other full-time employees.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Looking at this ratio for the 20 schools in our peer group (as determined by the Board of Trustees and the Illinois Board of Higher Education), UIS comes in dead last, with faculty making up 27.9% of all employees. University of Southern Maine is pretty close to us with 28.4%, and Lake Superior State University (30.3%) and University of Baltimore ($30.6%) are not much better. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>At most schools faculty make up 33% to 37% of all employees, and at the University of Nebraska at Kearney the faculty are 42.4% of all full-time faculty.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>This statistic doesn’t just measure efficiency of campuses, however.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>A school in financial distress may be cutting all non-faculty positions as its enrollments spiral down and state funding collapses, leaving a high proportion of faculty among the employees, since faculty are often among the last employees to be cut. Nevertheless, the fact that UIS comes in dead last among comparison groups fits with several other measures of efficiency we examined. In comparisons of various measures that should theoretically correlate somewhat with university efficiency (resources going directly to helping students learn) UIS falls in the bottom half or bottom third of almost all measures, just as it does with faculty salaries.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>In Illinois, compared to the public universities, UIS has the lowest ratio of faculty to full-time employees among the teaching-oriented universities (UIC, UIUC, and SIU Carbondale are research universities, and have even lower ratios, as expected, and Illinois State, the other research university, is close to UIS with 28.7% of its employees among the faculty). <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Getting our campus from 27% to 29% (about where Northern and Northeastern are) if faculty counts remain at 202 would require a reduction of non-faculty employees of about 30, from 522 to 492, very approximately.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Among the comparison schools identified by IBHE and our Board of Trustees, a 29% faculty-to-all-staff ratio would move us from the lowest ratio to the second-lowest, just above the University of Southern Maine.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>We believe the campus needs about 138 tenure-track faculty who don’t serve as department chairs or school heads; and about 64 faculty who are serving in department or school administration and non-tenure track faculty, which is close to the number we think we have now.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Our bargaining unit is down to 134 at the moment because of deaths and retirements so far this year, and more will retire in May, but we have assumed about 138 faculty will be the average number in our bargaining unit for the duration of the contract.</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><br /></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7qVk19glaY5xfUrdngVsENCTma95ELtoCKOWJ6LXV867nTSzFhY0LSsOHSruyot2jjDio7auGJbPRjJyyEbyO7R4Zmaf8ng0JP0L8PRZoA8bwsON07PXpn_7Of2w3LfHOgzojH83Cw-nbDTgTRdEBOcRGHLCyFobBMjUYA2e5lwW3B6sT794/s4032/UIS_campus_April_2022%20-%202.jpeg" style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3024" data-original-width="4032" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7qVk19glaY5xfUrdngVsENCTma95ELtoCKOWJ6LXV867nTSzFhY0LSsOHSruyot2jjDio7auGJbPRjJyyEbyO7R4Zmaf8ng0JP0L8PRZoA8bwsON07PXpn_7Of2w3LfHOgzojH83Cw-nbDTgTRdEBOcRGHLCyFobBMjUYA2e5lwW3B6sT794/w400-h300/UIS_campus_April_2022%20-%202.jpeg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Trees on UIS campus near PAC</td></tr></tbody></table><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">The administration has encouraged a reorganization of the university and proposes continuing with a four-college model, when it could have easily consolidated us into three colleges. A three-college model would surely have gained us some efficiency and reduced administrative cost, but that was not what the administration wanted to do. We were told that the reorganization was not about reducing administrative costs or increasing efficiency.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">So, if the Board of Trustees allocated 4.40% instead of 4.02% of the state’s allocation to the U of I System to UIS (bringing in about $1.6 million more than this year, given the 5% increase in funding to the University System for FY 2023), and the UIS campus had 14 fewer persons in administrative and support positions to save about $0.6 million, our administration would have $2.2 million to reallocate next year.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>If we further suppose that undergraduate admissions can go up by 50 FTE and graduate headcount can hold steady, we would gave about $500,000 in additional tuition revenue.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>That would give the administration $2.7 million more than they had this fiscal year, in total. Our current proposal asks for about $1.7 to $1.8 million more in salary or one-time bonuses in the next couple years, so that would be about 63% to 66% of next year’s increase.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Presumably state funding would continue to increase by about 2% to 3% the following year, and if inflation falls down to its normal 2.24% in subsequent years, state funding for the University of Illinois might come down to 1% per year. With those increases, the campus would have resources to meet our proposal. If we could increase student enrollment by 100 FTE instead of merely 50 FTE, and then hold that number of students without significant declines, that would increase tuition revenue by about $1 million in every subsequent year. The Board of Trustees could also increase tuition by a rate slightly lower than the previous year’s inflation rate, allowing tuition costs to hold steady or slightly fall relative to inflation.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Tuition increases only apply to about 27% of our undergraduate students, because most of our students have guarantees for flat tuition rates for four years, but still, tuition could be increased to a level keeping pace with inflation, and that would build more revenue, which could further cover increased costs. When inflation is devaluing employee salaries by 13.6%, the salary increases of 2% keep all university employees in a state of declining living standards, and this stirs up anger in faculty who know they are already underpaid.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>For the university to raise morale of staff and faculty, given that the state is increasing subsidies by 5%, raising tuition by 5% or 6% (well under the 8% inflation we have this year) would help all the workers employed by UIS.</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">All this is to say that when we look at reasonable forecasts for what UIS might have in increased revenue in the five years of our contract, we think that our current proposal is reasonable, and the campus and the University of Illinois System could afford it.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></p>Eric Hadley-Iveshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07349423480178819276noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19990974.post-9197699652448014562022-02-26T13:14:00.003-08:002022-04-03T20:23:20.195-07:00Opportunities for peace<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEj5soeS3iMWr_qiLL127cZYUUnDNRoPekOjvRH8pGbdXitfUlBOZDQhwgMxfSqN2AGEO6VkP7Fd3-3Vf5enG3s7F6WQjlDMEPQ4jv23O3IpkXUnCaM_4HuzABkNFpPkjYp_FkDR5hn73NQv528FMa19iAoJLmaCkg8baYJHRSJG2PAe6EBprrs=s5368" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="3644" data-original-width="5368" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEj5soeS3iMWr_qiLL127cZYUUnDNRoPekOjvRH8pGbdXitfUlBOZDQhwgMxfSqN2AGEO6VkP7Fd3-3Vf5enG3s7F6WQjlDMEPQ4jv23O3IpkXUnCaM_4HuzABkNFpPkjYp_FkDR5hn73NQv528FMa19iAoJLmaCkg8baYJHRSJG2PAe6EBprrs=s600" width="600" /></a></div><p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">“War morale forces are to physical as three to one” - Napoleon the First of France.</span></p>
<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p>
<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Putin has committed the class A war crime against peace by launching an invasion of a nation that posed no threat to him. In this, he joins the reviled company of the Japanese Imperial forces (China in the 1930s) and Nazi Germany (Czechoslovakia and then Poland in 1930s). </span></p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Let’s consider some of the wars and invasions the world has suffered since the end of the Second World War.</span></p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">There have been other aggressions in a category of border wars or invasions of “tributary states”, such as the Soviet Union’s invasions of East Germany (1953), Hungary (1956), and Czechoslovakia (1968), China’s wars against Tibet, India, and Vietnam in the 1950s through 1979, the Soviet Union’s invasion of Afghanistan (also in 1979), India’s invasion of Goa (1961), Iraq’s invasion of Iran (1980), The USA’s invasions of Grenada and Panama (1983 and 1989), Rwanda’s invasion of Zaire (1996), Eritrea’s invasion of Ethiopia (1998), and the South African Border War (incursion into Angola, 1975), and Israel’s invasion of Lebanon (1982). These were different from full-scale invasions because one or more of the following conditions applied: </span></p>
<ol>
<li style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">in some cases the invading power was responding to violent attacks from across the border; </span></li>
<li style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">the invasions involved locally dominant powers attacking small or weak states recognized to already be in their sphere of influence; </span></li>
<li style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">some claimants to authority invited the invasion; </span></li>
<li style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">The invasions were only attempts to secure a buffer zone or gain control over land claimed in border disputes, and were not invasions with an intention of taking over the attacked country.</span></li>
</ol>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">There have been other sorts of invasions that were either wars of conquest or wars for the overthrow of a hostile government. These would include such invasions as North Vietnam’s attacks on South Vietnam, the North Korean invasion of South Korea, Indonesia’s invasion of East Timor, Iraq’s conquest of Kuwait, the Tanzanian invasion of Uganda, the Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia, and various wars between Arab states and Israel. In the case of Tanzania’s attack on Uganda and Vietnam’s attack on Cambodia, the invasions were practically humanitarian interventions, as the regimes in Uganda and Cambodia were pariah states where dictators engaged in mass murder and depravity that shocked the world. In the cases of North Vietnam’s invasion of South Vietnam and North Korea’s invasion of South Korea, the conflict arose over disputes of how to handle political arrangements at the end of French and Japanese colonialism. The invasions were resisted in major wars; in Vietnam the North prevailed and unified the country, whereas in Korea the North failed and the country remains divided. </span></p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">In the wars between Arab states and Israel, the Arab states were defeated, and Israel continues to exist. The Israelis captured territory from the aggressor states that attacked it; some land has been returned to Lebanon, Jordan, and Egypt, while some land that had belonged to Syria has been annexed by Israel. Under international law and treaty, Israel has a duty to eventually recognize Gaza and Palestine as an independent state, but Israeli society and governments seem to be working toward eventually incorporating these lands and the Palestinians who live there as stateless persons into Israel proper, much to the disgust of most of the planet. Indonesia’s invasion of East Timor was reversed when Indonesia became democratic and allowed citizens of East Timor to vote for independence. Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait was stopped by an international coalition that defeated Iraq in a war. </span></p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">NATO did not technically invade Afghanistan in 2001. Instead, it assisted one claimant to legitimate authority in Afghanistan (the Northern Alliance) to achieve victory over another claimant to legitimate authority (the Taliban government) in a civil war, which works out as something nearly indistinguishable from an invasion. </span></p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">The coalition that invaded Iraq in 2003 despite widespread protests against the invasion (in which I took part) did so with the rationale that the dictator in Iraq had attempted to assassinate a former president of the United States and had acted aggressively in the past against neighbors (Iran and Kuwait), and had committed crimes against humanity within its borders (exterminating villages of Kurdish Iraqis, etc.), and was not being honest about its defense programs. Thus, the coalition claimed it was responding to threats. The argument that there was a clandestine operation to build weapons of mass destruction in Iraq was a key part of the argument for invasion, but that particular argument was mostly a set of fabrications and lies created by figures in the United States government. The invasion of Iraq was aimed at a replacement of the government in Iraq, and not the incorporation of Iraq into an American sphere of influence, although of course the hope in George W. Bush’s government was that the resulting Iraqi government would be an American ally. The new Iraqi government established under the protection of coalition occupation eventually asked the USA and coalition partners to remove their forces, and they did, and now Iraq is not quite an American ally.</span></p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">The American invasion of Panama in 1989-1990 and the invasion of Grenada (1983) were justified by the USA as necessary to protect American lives, protect democracy and human rights, and stop criminal activity. In the Grenada war of 1983, the USA’s invasion swiftly followed a violent coup in which the previous Prime Minister was executed/murdered, so that invasion had a plausible justification of stopping the rule of an illegitimate ruler and restoring a legitimate government. </span></p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Although not an invasion, American and European involvement in the break-up of Serbia to allow the independence of Kosovo was another sort of military action with problematic aspects. In retrospect, there is good evidence to show that this was justified on humanitarian grounds, because a massacre of Kosovar people was imminent. But, at the time, the evidence was not so clear, and the intervention was plausibly described as an illegal intervention in the sovereign nation of Yugoslavia (which was really just Serbia at that point). The United States did not seek UN Security Council approval to intervene to protect Kosovo from the Serbian/Yugoslav government, and so the military intervention was in some sense a violation of international law. But in effect, it prevented atrocities and massacres. Like the American-European intervention in the Libyan revolution, there were problematic aspects, but in Libya at least there were United Nations resolutions authorizing intervention. At any rate, in Kosovo the United Nations became involved and essentially became the “occupying power” in Kosovo, so the intervention was not any sort of conquest.</span></p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">So, in some of these invasions and interventions by the United States, there were humanitarian grounds justifying the interventions, or used to justify them, although their legitimacy is questioned. Massacres of civilians were actually avoided by the American Air Force’s intervention to protect Kosovo from Serbia. The regime in Iraq was a pariah state similar to the cases of Uganda when Tanzania invaded it or Cambodia when Vietnam invaded it. Serbia (“Yugoslavia”) was also a pariah state during the liberation of Kosovo, given the genocidal behavior of the Serbian government and its proxies in the wars of independence in Croatia and Bosnia. The NATO action in Afghanistan was defensive in the sense that a terrorist group based in Afghanistan had attacked the United States and killed thousands of civilians, and Taliban authorities were not willing to arrest the terrorists, and there was another authority in Afghanistan (the Northern Alliance) engaged in a civil war with the Taliban that had a claim to authority no worse (and no better) than the Taliban. The invasion of Grenada was made against a new government that had no legitimacy. The invasion that seems least justifiable to me was the 1989 invasion of Panama to impose a regime change and arrest the President of Panama. In my opinion, both the 2003 invasion of Iraq and the 1989 invasion of Panama were illegal under international law. However, given the circumstances (of the governments in those nations being somewhat illegitimate due to the behavior of their leaders), there were extenuating circumstances. Were I prosecuting George H.W. Bush for the invasion of Panama or George W. Bush for the invasion of Iraq, I’d hope to find them guilty, but only ask for a mild sentence. I don’t see how those invasions were much worse than, for example, Lê Duẩn’s attack on Pol Pot’s regime in Cambodia or Julius Nyerere’s attack on Idi Amin’s regime in Uganda. Unfortunately, what came later in Iraq, with total American incompetence and the barbaric brutality of Iraqis directed against each other, resulted in hundreds of thousands of deaths, and likewise the war against the Taliban in Afghanistan that NATO and the Afghan government conducted sometimes killed more innocent civilians than the Taliban terrorists did. All that is to the enduring shame of the United States.</span></p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Putin’s invasion (or perhaps I should say the Putin-Lukashenko invasion) of Ukraine is not really like any of these invasions we’ve had since the end of World War II.</span></p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">It resembles North Korea’s invasion of South Korea. In the Korean case, both sides agreed that there was a single country of Korea, but the North felt the south had no legitimacy, and tried to take over by force. In the case of Ukraine and Russia, the feeling in Ukraine that Ukraine is part of Russia is a fringe opinion. Almost all Ukrainians believe themselves to be Ukrainians and citizens of an independent country (as in the Republic of China / Taiwan). Already some areas that were more dominated by Russians have left control of Kyiv and exist as parts of Russia or Russian protectorates. Since the 2014 Russian invasions of Crimea and some eastern regions of Ukraine involved the liberation/capture/conquest of areas where Ukrainian identity was weak and Russian loyalties were strong, the resulting international sanctions were not especially harsh. Russia had a point. It should have offered some sort of arrangement to Kyiv to get Crimea back and tried to negotiate new mutually-agreed borders, but it didn’t. Had Kyiv allowed a referendum in the Crimea and some eastern provinces, perhaps the result would have been like the voting that led to the creation of South Sudan or the independence of East Timor, and a democratic process might have given us the same result we had after Russia’s invasion. The plebiscite in Crimea after Russian occupation was probably not a fair process, but there clearly was a widespread feeling of accommodation to the situation on the ground among the population in Crimea. </span></p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">There are similarities between Russia’s portrayal of its invasion of Ukraine with the USA’s justifications for its invasion of Panama, Iraq, and Grenada. In those cases, the USA argued that the governments of the nation it was invading were either: <br />a) illegitimate; <br />b) threatening the USA or world peace; or <br />c) monstrous governments that were committing atrocities and should be stopped. Russia has made all these claims against Ukraine. However, Ukraine held an election in 2019, and it was widely observed by independent outside observers, who described it as reasonably fair, and the current leader won a victory by a wide margin. There are no serious or significant human rights abuses in Ukraine, and certainly far fewer than in Russia or Belarus. Ukraine is not threatening its neighbors. Putin’s claim that the war he has launched on Ukraine is defensive doesn’t have much merit. The best point he can make is that someday Ukraine may join NATO, as it clearly wants to do, and NATO poses a threat to Russia. But, NATO is a defensive alliance, and has only been engaged in two wars, and these were the Afghanistan civil war where it took the side against the Taliban because the Taliban nurtured and protected a terrorist group that attacked a NATO member, and the civil war in the former Yugoslavia, where the government in Belgrade had recently committed or supported war crimes, and was preparing to commit more atrocities in Kosovo. NATO would not attack Russia, as such an attack would trigger World War III and a possible nuclear holocaust, but also because NATO is not interested in conquering other countries; it’s a defensive treaty organization. Russians who are fair-minded and rational and have read news and analysis from outside the government-sponsored Putin-controlled media within Russia are not at all threatened by NATO. </span></p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">What especially disgusts me are Russia’s useful idiots who explain how America is at fault. They present many truthful and accurate accounts of America’s stupid foreign policy and lack of creativity and various horrible things America has done, which is all well and good, but they mix into this some of the lies that Putin uses to justify his war crimes. For example, some stupid leftists and greens claim that the 2014 revolution of dignity in Ukraine was a “coup” led by “neo-nazis” and funded by the United States. It’s a typical lie with a germ of truth to it. The Revolution of Dignity involved protestors being massacred by police who defended the Ukrainian political leadership, and the massacre was a key moment in mobilizing opposition to the leadership. The massacre was sparked by (probably) some shooting initiated by far-right nationalist militants. And, far-right nationalist militants did take part in the revolution. But, the revolution was a mass movement and the far right was only a fringe element of it (despite maybe being critical in sparking the massacre that catalyzed the opposition). In recent elections in Ukraine, the far right nationalists and neo-Nazis had a party, and they received about 2% of the vote, which is significantly less than similar parties receive in Germany, Denmark, France, the UK, and so forth. <a href="https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2019/10/14/minority-groups/">Ukraine</a> has been found to be among <a href="https://www.jpost.com/diaspora/article-692443">the least anti-semitic nation in Europe</a>. The 2019 election was legitimate. Neo-nazis aren’t running Ukraine. When people mix in lies and half-truths to mislead, they undermine everything else they say. So, when someone I know (Jill Stein, I’m talking about you) mixes in these lies with her many valid criticisms of American foreign policy and how American actions have led us to this point, they undermine the credibility of the left, the greens, and give people an excuse to reject all the valid and true things said about American failure in its diplomacy. </span></p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Putin has pointed out that NATO and the USA have done several stupid things. As is clear now, America and Europe failed to set up a new system of peace and global security in which Russia could participate. We had an opportunity to create such a system to more vigorously prevent war and assure security, and we didn’t do it But, complaining that democratic countries have failed to set up a global security system that can allow all nations to feel unthreatened by war cannot be a justification for demonstrating this blunder by threatening war and then invading a neighbor that was not threatening Russia. And, Russia could have taken the lead in creating a new global security order. </span></p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">The United Nations can’t prevent this sort of thing, mainly because five aggressor countries including a few of the most aggressive and violent (USA, Russia, and China) have veto power. The United Nations needs a supplemental organization that can enforce peace. There are already some proposals for mass alliances dedicated to democracy and peace. These include the <a href="https://www.allianceofdemocracies.org/initiatives/the-copenhagen-democracy-summit/copenhagen-charter/">Copenhagen Charter for an Alliance of Democracies</a>, T<a href="https://worldsecuritycommunity.org">he Coalition for a World Security Community of Democratic Nations</a>, and the <a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/insight-impact/report-launch-present-at-the-re-creation-a-global-strategy-for-a-world-at-risk/">Alliance of Free Nations</a> proposed by <a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/in-depth-research-reports/report/an-alliance-of-democracies-from-concept-to-reality-in-an-era-of-strategic-competition/">the Atlantic Council</a> (not the right-wing Israeli so-called “Alliance of Free Nations”, which is something entirely different). I won’t say anything against these ideas, because they are good in general. However, I am suggesting we need something with wider participation; something open to non-democratic countries, since it is they we most badly need to constrain, and assuring them of their security is one good way to constrain them.</span></p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Rather than just an alliance of many countries, I propose a compact of nearly all countries. The principles would be simple and basic: the compact stands for:<br />
</span></p>
<ol>
<li style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">No invasions of legitimate states</span></li>
<li style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Even if a state is illegitimate, military interventions require broad global support and should have limited missions of preserving peace and allowing the establishment of a legitimate government</span></li>
<li style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">No threats of invasion or military action against legitimate states</span></li>
<li style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">All members of the compact will act as one, inflicting total economic, financial, and cultural isolation of any state, whether a member of the compact or not, that violates the principle of no invasions.</span></li>
<li style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">All members of the compact will also cease all economic, financial, or cultural exchange with any nation that breaks the embargo on a state that has invaded another.</span></li>
<li style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">All such embargoes will only end when an invasion or occupation has ended and government and military leaders who conducted the invasion or occupation have resigned or otherwise been replaced.</span></li>
<li style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">All military and government employees in states that are members of the compact promise or swear to uphold the two critical principles of the compact: 1) no invasions unless authorized on humanitarian or self-defensive grounds by the compact members states, and 2) no trading, financial exchanges, or cultural exchanges with any state that violates the “no invasions” principle or any state that defies the embargo on a state that has violated the “no invasions” principle. These commitments command higher loyalty than any other claim on loyalty or obedience to legitimate authority. In other words, loyalty to peace and obedience to the Peace Compact is the highest loyalty and authority in humanity.</span></li>
<li style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">the compact is only created to prevent war and invasions and attacks. The compact cannot be expanded into other realms, promoting particular types of government, or anything outside its duties of determining whether a state has invaded another state, whether a state has a legitimate government, whether a state may be allowed to invade on humanitarian or self-defense grounds, whether a state is obeying the total embargo on trade, financial dealings, and cultural exchanges, whether a state has met criteria for no longer being identified as violating the principle of no invasion or the principle of obeying the total embargo against states that invade or states that continue exchanges with an invading state.</span></li>
</ol>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Such a compact would be open to even governments as odious as Russia, China (provided it gave up the threat to conquer Taiwan with military force), Nicaragua, Syria, Iran, North Korea (provided it explicitly rejected the idea of reunifying with South Korea through military force), and Afghanistan. It would offer security to all. </span></p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">The compact would be a supranational authority to which individuals owed allegiance in just two realms of activity: 1) don’t participate in invasions; and 2) don’t participate or allow participation in any trade with states that invade. In all other respects, nations and their citizens would retain full sovereignty. </span></p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">This compact has an advantage in that it is a nonviolent alliance. No nation is obligated to come to the military assistance of a state that is attacked. But, every nation must completely cut off and reject all trade with any nation that does attack. </span></p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">If such a compact had been created after the collapse of the Soviet Union, and had Russia been invited to participate, perhaps NATO would not have needed to expand, and perhaps the American defense budget would not need to have increased to $700+ billion. After Putin is replaced, I hope something like this compact will be instituted. It could even be created now. </span></p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">I believe most citizens of most nations, aside from the small fringe of absolute nationalistic warmongering types and ultra xenophobes, are already prepared for such a compact. The whole world was disgusted with the American-led invasion of Iraq. The whole world is even more disgusted now with the invasion of Ukraine, which is orders of magnitude worse. People are angry, and they want the war stopped. People are also upset that so many resources are devoted to warfare, and insufficient resources are allocated to better uses, such as achievement of the 17 Sustainable Development goals of Agenda 2030.</span></p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">And, with this in mind, I wonder if Russia will ever really be able to conquer Ukraine and control it. The United States and NATO were able to assist in the overthrow of the Taliban authorities in Afghanistan, and the American-led coalition was able to invade Iraq. But, in both those countries, the governments were widely despised, and the systems of power and control were frequently corrupt. In anti-democratic societies, loyalty is valued over merit, and so organizations, including the military, tend to be led by persons who are not especially talented or brilliant. They may be brilliant and talented in sycophancy or how to conduct social manipulation to get into good graces of their superiors, but in actual pragmatic problem-solving, they will only get promoted if they can at least charm their superiors. In democracies where citizens are still critical thinkers and are able to critique government performance and campaign for different governments if an administration is lackluster, merit will tend to be rewarded. </span></p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Russia may have five or six times more soldiers who can participate in the invasion of Ukraine than there are Ukrainian soldiers to defend, but <a href="https://www.rferl.org/a/russia-military-officers-morale-problem/31612793.html">how good are Russian officers</a>? How talented is <a href="https://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/kennan-cable-no-67-professionalism-and-politics-russian-military">Russia’s general staff</a>? And, most importantly, what is the morale of the Russian army? A large number of Russians, perhaps even a majority, do not want an invasion of the Ukraine. A significant portion of the Russian military must have similar thoughts. Let us suppose Russia can send half a million soldiers into Ukraine to conquer or occupy it, and 200,000 of those soldiers will be carrying guns or operating machinery that can destroy lives and property, and another 300,000 are in supporting roles, providing logistical support, transport, food, sanitation, intelligence, and so forth. That is half a million Russian soldiers in Ukraine, and maybe 200,000 of those ready to kill Ukrainians. As they occupy Ukraine, they find that the Ukrainians are not oppressed, and there has been no genocide. Russian-speaking Ukrainians are almost as angry about the invasion as the Ukrainian-speaking Ukrainians. Russian soldiers who notice this will perhaps experience cognitive dissonance. “We were told that the Ukrainian government was committing genocide and was corrupt, but we find this isn’t true,” they will think. When American soldiers were in Iraq and Afghanistan, they found that people really were oppressed by the governments of Saddam Hussain and the Taliban. The Americans were not warmly welcomed, but they were attempting to help local people build up new infrastructure, and some people were willing to work with them. What will Russian occupiers find in Ukraine? Will anyone be glad or relieved that they are there? Will they be trying to set up institutions that could possibly make life better for Ukrainians? </span></p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">No, the situations will be different. </span></p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">You cannot govern occupied territory from inside a tank or armored vehicle, or hiding in your military base. </span></p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">There are probably at least five million Ukrainian men, and probably over a million Ukrainian women, willing and ready to use weapons to kill occupying forces that intend to to impose a corrupt dictatorship on them. The forces sent by Putin and Lukashenko will never be more than a million, and probably less than half a million, and only a fraction of those are the “front line” soldiers with guns. They face five or six armed hostile Ukrainians per Russian occupier. </span></p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">The Ukrainians are surrounded by family and friends. They know the land. They can go to homes and shelters, surrounded by old friends and objects that convey reassurance. The Russians are away from home. They were told they were conducting exercises, and now they are invading a land toward which they have no animosity or hatred. They have Ukrainian friends. Now, they are participating in a war, and they can see around them the Ukrainians they are killing, and the damage of the bombs their military has dropped on Ukrainian homes. What sort of morale will they have?</span></p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">The Ukrainians can emphasize this. They can try to recruit defections from the Russian military. They can remind Russian soldiers that this invasion is a war crime, and soldiers have a duty to disobey illegal orders. In addition to the six million or so Ukrainian adults wiling to use weapons to kill occupying troops, most of the rest are ready to verbally insult the occupying forces. They are ready at every moment to tell the Russian soldiers to go home. “Fight Putin instead of us. We were no threat to you; it is Putin who has committed the war crime and sent you here as murderers to kill innocent people before you yourself are killed.” If every interaction the Russian soldiers have with Ukrainians is either harsh verbal abuse or else gunfire, how long will Russian units maintain their morale and fighting will? </span></p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">I opened this essay with Napoleon’s observation that morale counts three times as much as physical force. The Russian forces have an advantage in weapons and soldiers more than three times over what the Ukrainians have, but once they are in Ukraine and occupying it and trying to maintain logistical lines and supplies, they are outnumbered three-to-one already by hostile and armed Ukrainians, and on top of that, their morale will surely be low, compared to the defiant spirit of the Ukrainians.</span></p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">So, I do not expect the Russian invasion of Ukraine to be a success. If Ukraine does not surrender and order all forces to give up and cease hostilities—if they continue to fight, they will win. The Russians may take the major cities and try to install a government, or they might not even accomplish that. But if they do win that sort of victory, their occupation is likely to be a disaster for them. </span></p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">A better outcome would be for Putin to agree to a cease-fire, and negotiate some sort of an agreement with Ukraine. After the first week of fighting, I expect Russia to have lost more lives of combat troops than the USA did in twenty years of conflict in Iraq and Afghanistan. As Russians advance, I expect Ukrainians to cut off supply lines, isolate Russian advance units, and when those units run out of ammunition and fuel to run their equipment, they will disappear; surrendering, defecting, or dying. Russia’s military is not as corrupt as the rest of its society, but it is still corrupt, and I do not think they will be nearly as effective or resourceful as Americans were in Iraq or Afghanistan (and I’m not at all impressed by American tactics or strategies in either place). If the rest of the world completely isolates Russia and uses sanctions harsher than any seen before (because this is an aggression unlike any seen since 1950), and Russia faces the military situation I’ve outlined here, I think someone might get rid of Putin. </span></p>
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<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">So, we need to think of what will happen in the post-Putin Russia, and what we can do to prevent this sort of thing from happening again. That is why I think we should consider the sort of International compact I’ve described. </span></p>Eric Hadley-Iveshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07349423480178819276noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19990974.post-17335783969123812752022-04-03T19:52:00.004-07:002022-04-03T19:52:43.210-07:00Reflection on taxes and universal health care<p><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px;">I've just finished our taxes, and figure our income for 2021. I looked up the estimated median income of 2-person households in Illinois (Census Bureau estimates), and our income was 111% of that, but I also checked the median family incomes of metropolitan residents in Illinois, and our income was only 96.2% of that. So, in other words, we are very close to the median incomes for our part of the country (and probably lower than persons with similar educational levels). </span></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><b>Our sources of income</b></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">66.6% Most of my income comes from my employment as a professor at UIS.</p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">24% I also inherited some money, which I invest in a hedge fund, and I have a small income from that, although I usually don’t touch that money, and just let it grow. I have a few other small investments that yield a few dividends or interest payments.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">8%.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>I also inherited half ownership of a house in California, and my sister and I (we each own half of the property) derive some rental income from that.</p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">1.4%.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>My wife has worked a little in some restaurants owned by her friends when they were short-handed, and has earned some income from that.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Keep in mind, we only earn 68% of our income through our labor, and the other 32% of our income is derived from assets we inherited from grandparents and an uncle.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> For middle-class and upper-class Europeans-Americans, this is common, but it's uncommon for Black and Hispanic and American Indian households. </span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">0%.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>My family has a business, but that business has not done much in 2021 or 2020, during the pandemic.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>We had expenses associated with keeping the business license active, and earned a trivial amount of money as well. The expenses were only about $300, and our income from the business was slightly less than that, so this year our business wasn’t a significant part of our household finances.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>In past years we have earned almost 40% of our household income through this business, but as it is a family business, and we mainly ran it to earn money to pay for expenses related to our sons, we distributed the business income mainly to them, and didn’t claim much of it for ourselves.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>But, this year, the business didn’t get us any income.</p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><b>TAXES</b></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Local property taxes are our largest tax burden, but we are glad to pay, as these taxes maintain the infrastructure around our property; the salaries of police and fire protection workers are covered through local taxes, and a significant percentage of local property taxes fund K-12 education, community college education, libraries, and parks.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> I think property taxes on second homes or rental properties (such as we have in California) should be fairly high, because landlords shouldn't be able to get rich of property investments. Property taxes on rental properties should be set up so that landlords have incentives to maintain and improve the properties they rent out, and property ownership should give people a safe investment against inflation (if rents can be linked to consumer price indices), but since landlords don't really produce anything, they should not get wealthy from owning property. I'm for very low property taxes on primary residences, as property taxes tend to be slightly regressive (a heavier burden on residents with low incomes compared to residents with high incomes).</span></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><b>5.5% of our income went to pay property taxes in California.</b></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><b>5.8% of our income went to pay property taxes in Illinois.</b></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKKSYnHE9_6UFCzCPVNfMA06ABpELU989Mbl2SfhkS46dJw4So8Vxq50zFCgF__TYKrGI4pCBh381wBJ0UnCs0R8ruGxn1zgUKndo4_Fstwx1iDi2dm3IHoMbQvoXhsauPEr8h71is39hQZz8VQgdIZkLoGqr-3yoChr0o9aEG0vHAjhWuhSg/s1546/Springfield_City_Budget_2023.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="877" data-original-width="1546" height="364" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKKSYnHE9_6UFCzCPVNfMA06ABpELU989Mbl2SfhkS46dJw4So8Vxq50zFCgF__TYKrGI4pCBh381wBJ0UnCs0R8ruGxn1zgUKndo4_Fstwx1iDi2dm3IHoMbQvoXhsauPEr8h71is39hQZz8VQgdIZkLoGqr-3yoChr0o9aEG0vHAjhWuhSg/w640-h364/Springfield_City_Budget_2023.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">I don’t keep track of local and state sales taxes. Every time we buy gasoline, we pay taxes on fuel, to pay for roads and transport infrastructure.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>When we travel, we pay restaurant, motel, and sales taxes (in 2021, this included taxes paid in Indiana, Missouri, Iowa, Nebraska, Wyoming, and Idaho).<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>We never pay any sales taxes in Oregon (no sales taxes there), but in Illinois we pay taxes on groceries (very low), and regular things like soap, paper, and so forth (much higher). <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>My guess on our total sales tax expenditure is an educated guess, as I do keep track of our spending, and have a fair estimation of the taxes we have paid when purchasing things:</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><b>1.2% of our income went to sales taxes.</b></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Our state income taxes in Illinois pay mainly for healthcare, K-12 education for children in Illinois, public universities and community colleges, social services, child protection, and human services.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>There is also a small portion that pays for corrections, infrastructure, and state services. A tiny bit pays for environmental protection, parks, and things like that. I’m happy to pay state taxes.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>I think families such as ours, who have incomes very close to the median household income for married couples, ought to pay slightly more than we do.</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><b>4.4% of our income went to Illinois through income taxes.</b></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Our federal income taxes are split about 50/50 between payments for military and veterans services, and everything else.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The everything else is mostly Medicaid, but there are also contributions to NASA, the Foreign Service, low-income housing, food support for the poor, federal transportation infrastructure, medical research, and so forth.</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><b>5.3% of our income went to federal income taxes.</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>It seems to me we should have paid closer to 9%, but I won’t complain too much.</p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Our Medicare payroll taxes only are taken from our wage/salary incomes, as we don’t need to pay for Medicare out of our income on our business, our property, or our investments. Medicare will be our health insurance when we reach 65 years of age, if we live so long.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>I will also have supplemental health insurance as a retired state worker. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><b>We paid 1.1% of our income to Medicare.</b></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Most Americans also pay 6.2% of their income into a Social Security pension scheme, but I do not, because I work for the state, and will have a state retirement plan.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> However, this means that I have about 6% of my income taken out of my pay and placed into my retirement plan, and the state of Illinois is supposed to also put a matching amount into that fund. This retirement account contribution is deducted from my income, just as social security taxes paid by other workers is removed from their adjusted gross income. </span>My wife, however, did pay into Social Security.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Both she and I have paid thousands of dollars into Social Security, but because we have worked as state employees for most of our lives, and only paid into Social Security for five or six years, we are unlikely to ever qualify to receive any Social Security benefits.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><b>We paid 0.1% of our income to Social Security in 2021.</b></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Adding up all the taxes we paid, it seems almost exactly one-third of our income went to local, state, and federal taxes. I estimate 33.3% of our income was paid to the public.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Personally, I think a middle-class family such as ours ought to pay about 12% to our state and local government. I think this should mainly be taken through income tax, not so much through sales or property taxes, but anyway, I would rather that we paid 0.5% in sales taxes (I approve of the gas tax and various utility and energy taxes), about 2% in property taxes (rather than the 5.8% we did pay) to Illinois, and 9% (rather than the 4.4% we did pay) to Illinois in income taxes.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>That would put us at a 11.5% total tax rate to Illinois (instead of the 11% I calculate we actually paid).<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>I think middle class residents of Illinois ought to contribute about 11.5% to 12% of their income to the state, and wealthy residents should contribute 13% to 16%. A reduction in sales taxes and property taxes would lower the tax burden on residents of Illinois with lower incomes, who currently probably pay over 12% of their incomes in taxes (because sales taxes are a much higher burden to them). <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Likewise, I think federal taxes, to cover the costs of ending homelessness, improving medical research, and ensuring that everyone can get good health care, should be higher. Basically, middle class families such as ours ought to pay about 9% instead of the 5.3% we paid. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">So, I think I would be happy paying 37.5% of our income in taxes, if the money went to the sort of public expenditures I’d like to support (ending the use of fossil fuels, ending homelessness, improving medical care, achieving the Agenda 2030 Sustainable Development Goals around the world, etc.).<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"><br /></span></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEig-f1UXT_nSqV6pURWJGDfQA3nEb6aWlYCxv8JlPstfZ_BKB773nywkabsYDSieL5BuyDTcbxbzexs8Lq_0DNqBwrK-2kZbQIgBCCVMYCupZvB0sxA5b-cyl_wSOvfWK2UbyOnuVCl4e3lTcEoT4vfHc2nGq1wFgWP0lcKnVZuOTzIbSRqkC0/s1550/Illinois_State_Budget_2023.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="847" data-original-width="1550" height="350" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEig-f1UXT_nSqV6pURWJGDfQA3nEb6aWlYCxv8JlPstfZ_BKB773nywkabsYDSieL5BuyDTcbxbzexs8Lq_0DNqBwrK-2kZbQIgBCCVMYCupZvB0sxA5b-cyl_wSOvfWK2UbyOnuVCl4e3lTcEoT4vfHc2nGq1wFgWP0lcKnVZuOTzIbSRqkC0/w640-h350/Illinois_State_Budget_2023.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><span class="Apple-converted-space"><br /></span><p></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">My W-2 shows me that my employer believes the insurance policy my wife and I had this year was worth $31,075.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>There are only two of us, so that’s a little over $15,530 for each of us.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>I calculate that we paid a little less than $1,000 out-of-pocket for medical and dental costs this past year. So, about $16,000 per individual in our household went to health care or health insurance paid for by my employer.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>I believe if we had a more efficient health care system in which everyone had medical care, the cost would decrease, because of lower administrative costs.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>In other words, my employer could just pay me $28,000 directly instead of paying an insurer $31,075, and giving me a benefit instead of income.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>But, with that $28,000 additional income coming to me, I would expect the government to tax me to get most of it as our household’s contribution to the universal health care system. So, my income would go up by about 33% because I would get paid with money rather than getting a health insurance policy through my employer (and the employer would save some money as well, paying me only 28,000 to cover health care rather than paying an insurer $31,075).<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>I would expect my state income taxes to go up to 5.5% from the 4.3% we pay now, so Illinois would get about $2,500 of that $28,000 in additional income, and then the federal government would need to tax me at 25% instead of the 5.3% it taxed me this year in income taxes.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>But, my after-tax income would actually still increase, and I’d end up with about $1,750 more than I get now. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">In summary.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>With a universal health care plan, my employer would save $3,000 in labor costs, and pass on to me a salary increase of $28,000 and stop paying insurance companies $31,000.</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-r7zlxz3k9nfSWNBUOgr17ykDni3gFMih7cDt7vNBthChJjKRraj8UmwoRqmUljyfdA0zt6aTHKKhK2rDH8sfPxn7Ha4fYPqHe24e4RgeI0e8s6oGHBFuTKyC6CEvt_ZASqp_zxXEJvBlwUyobkyzqTfncxcx3917YGAi4i3lUazzyjtr2Tk/s1512/Federal%20Total%20Spending%202021.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="886" data-original-width="1512" height="376" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-r7zlxz3k9nfSWNBUOgr17ykDni3gFMih7cDt7vNBthChJjKRraj8UmwoRqmUljyfdA0zt6aTHKKhK2rDH8sfPxn7Ha4fYPqHe24e4RgeI0e8s6oGHBFuTKyC6CEvt_ZASqp_zxXEJvBlwUyobkyzqTfncxcx3917YGAi4i3lUazzyjtr2Tk/w640-h376/Federal%20Total%20Spending%202021.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">The state would then tax me at a higher rate and get about $2,500 more in income tax from me than it gets now, bringing my net pay increase down to $25,500. However, that additional $2,500 paid to Illinois would help my state improve the quality of life where I live, for me and for persons who are in greater need of public assistance. For example, we could ensure everyone had permanent housing, and we could provide detoxification and drug abuse recovery services, and improved mental health services. </p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">The federal government would then also raise my taxes so it could provide a good universal health care system, and maybe even institute a sort of basic minimum income.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Raising my taxes from 5.4% to 25% would take another $23,750 of that $25,500 left over from my $28,000 pay increase, but I’d get a better health care system than I have now.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Instead of having $1,000 in out-of-pocket health expenses each year, my out-of-pocket expenses would drop to maybe $200 or $300.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>And, I’d still have $1,750 more in income than I have now.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Best of all, I’d get to live in a civilized society where everyone had good health care, and perhaps there would even be some sort of a basic income or negative income tax to eliminate poverty.</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSm-wz-iNftABoludLcfbSYUheHJCzP7YcAZIRSTURaOAEeLCmsKJIwn5RcxXD2BieJJhXKeqovs0eNIAZK41GfCwZMsrOp8KEisG7FyQ0OeJAtoVvo5XEbsy68ZJWz1iiA8ydMYoxkLk3nYdHPhLbsZb_FMVF9QkGsogdfcMqZ2HkQfhbax8/s1504/Federal%20Discretionary%20Spending%202021.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="882" data-original-width="1504" height="376" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSm-wz-iNftABoludLcfbSYUheHJCzP7YcAZIRSTURaOAEeLCmsKJIwn5RcxXD2BieJJhXKeqovs0eNIAZK41GfCwZMsrOp8KEisG7FyQ0OeJAtoVvo5XEbsy68ZJWz1iiA8ydMYoxkLk3nYdHPhLbsZb_FMVF9QkGsogdfcMqZ2HkQfhbax8/w640-h376/Federal%20Discretionary%20Spending%202021.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-oDene4hMw-sxQRnXsJW0lgAE7NXfjIxXvd49KWmDEiqjYVUtyUyYeG-NEbNM6DU14RD946W-35ZecBau-Wq7jKlx5Cn4oigp466LrSSq6BW0NL2v-6QxiQGODcXn61OpNs0PQv6JQVz1d6GCMdqWbqkfzZVYmNwDr59Eb1RGSPD8P8PiS6k/s1505/Federal%20Mandatory%20Spending%202021.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="885" data-original-width="1505" height="376" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-oDene4hMw-sxQRnXsJW0lgAE7NXfjIxXvd49KWmDEiqjYVUtyUyYeG-NEbNM6DU14RD946W-35ZecBau-Wq7jKlx5Cn4oigp466LrSSq6BW0NL2v-6QxiQGODcXn61OpNs0PQv6JQVz1d6GCMdqWbqkfzZVYmNwDr59Eb1RGSPD8P8PiS6k/w640-h376/Federal%20Mandatory%20Spending%202021.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Currently, my employer pays $31,000 as a benefit to give me and my wife insurance.</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">With a universal health care system, the employer could pay me directly $28,000, saving $3,000 in my employment costs.</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">My state could take $2,500 of that to help improve health services, education, and social services in the state.</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">The Federal government could take $23,750, which would allow a universal health care system.</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">I’d be left with $1,750 more income to spend (after all the increased taxes) and an additional $700 in extra spending money that I now pay for out-of-pocket medical expenses (but would no longer need to spend with a universal health care system covering those expenses).</p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">The federal income tax of 25% rather than 5.3% I now pay, and the state income tax of 5.5% rather than the 4.4% I now pay, seem like terrible burdens, but in fact, I’d end up with nearly $2,500 more in net after-tax income I could spend on things other than medical expenses. </p>Eric Hadley-Iveshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07349423480178819276noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19990974.post-34364586653577590542022-03-08T18:48:00.000-08:002022-03-08T18:48:45.234-08:00Example letter I wrote to the ambassador of Ukraine<p> <span style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px;">Her Excellency</span></p><span style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; text-size-adjust: auto;">Mrs. Oksana Markarova</span><br style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; text-size-adjust: auto;" /><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; text-size-adjust: auto;">The Ambassador of Ukraine<br /><br />Madam Ambassador, and Friends in Ukraine,<div><br /></div><div>I visited Ukraine for a week in the summer of 1992, staying with some friends in Kyiv. I came into Ukraine with a Soviet visa, and needed to get a Ukrainian visa at the airport seven days later when I left, so I am one of the first persons to have visited your country when you had set up an independent diplomatic system. </div><div><br /></div><div>I have been writing letters (many emails) to my government elected representatives and President Biden urging them to totally cut off Russia, and give Ukraine everything you ask for. I attended a demonstration we had here in Springfield, Illinois this weekend, and encouraged my students to join in the demonstration to show support for peace.</div><div><br /></div><div>I am reading Ukrainian English-Language news sources, and I see that Russia has promised a cease-fire and a troop withdrawal if Ukraine will do three things:</div><div>1) "put down arms". (I assume this means join in the cease fire and stop violent defense while the Russian side observes the cease fire and withdraws)</div><div>2) Recognize that Crimea is part of Russia and some part of eastern Ukraine (Donetsk and Luhansk, or just the occupied portions of Donetsk and Luhansk, I wonder?) are independent states</div><div>3) agree not to become a part of any bloc (don't join NATO).</div><div><br /></div><div>For the sake of peace, and ending this conflict, I urge your nation to accept some of that proposal and make a public counter-offer.</div><div><br /></div><div>You can give Crimea to Russia, on the condition that neutral third parties administer a referendum that is fair, in which a majority of residents in Crimea agree that they prefer union with Russia to independent status or return to Ukraine. The last referendum there was not fair and free. You might also ask for a condition that in the event the citizens residing in Crimea elect to become part of Russia, that area shall be administered as a special zone of Russia where Citizens of Ukraine would have rights to live and visit without visas. </div><div><br /></div><div>You can suggest a similar referendum with neutral third parties administering the election in Donetsk and Luhansk, with the election held for Donetsk and Luhansk areas controlled by Ukraine as of February 22, and those areas controlled by Russia and its proxies (in the break-away areas) on that date. Agree to abide by the referendum of those areas. </div><div><br /></div><div>I think such an agreement would be similar to the agreement of 1940 between Finland and the Soviet Union (the Moscow Treaty). Some of Ukraine (Crimea) might be transferred to Russia or to an independent status. Ukraine obviously never had any intention of invading Russia, so you can promise never to invade Russia or assist any other power that invades Russia. </div><div><br /></div><div>As for "demilitarization" you can agree to no nuclear weapons being stationed in your country. You are too civilized to use those if you had them anyway.</div><div><br /></div><div>As for not joining NATO: you can make this conditional. For the next 20 years, Ukraine will not seek admission to the NATO alliance, but this must be accompanied by a good faith effort on the part of Russia to encourage the creation of a new system of global international security in which no nation can invade another nation with an internationally recognized legitimate government. The treaty would mandate that states surrender national sovereignty in the areas of: 1) being able to launch invasions of other countries; and 2) being able to continue trade or investment in any country that violates the first principle (of not invading other countries). In other words, use this treaty as an opportunity to point out that the UN Security Council and General Assembly have been unable to prevent wars of invasion, and that a new system should supplement the existing order so that states surrender to a higher international authority their ability to invade other states, or trade with states that face a global boycott as a result of their invasion of other states. The failure of imagination in Western and Russian diplomats to see that the world needs something new to protect us all from war must be corrected, and now, with Ukraine having the sympathy and attention of nearly all the world, your nation can propose this bold principle. </div><div><br /></div><div>Publicize your willingness to agree to these points. If Russia rejects them, they will sink even deeper into the bad opinion of the rest of the planet. Russian soldiers subsequently ordered to attack Ukraine will learn that you have offered all the major conditions Russia demanded, or offered fair compromises. If Russia accepts them, nothing really changes for you, anyway. There was no realistic way you would get back Crimea. The NATO alliance was not going to bring you into the alliance in the next several years. The outcome in the Donetsk and Luhansk Oblasts will be decided by the residents of those areas. In all cases, because the peace treaty allows voting to determine the will of the people in those areas, Ukrainians cannot say they have been "surrendered" to Russia; rather, their future is to be determined by persons who lived there as of early February in 2022.</div><div><br /></div><div>I urge your nation to negotiate peace terms quickly, so that this ruinous and terrible war can be concluded. Make your offers public. Let the world see how Russia justifies its aggression after you have made such offers for peace. Why should Ukrainians die to hold on to those regions that did not feel loyalty to Ukraine anyway? Land is just dirt, and upon our death and ascension to what comes after death, we will see how worthless is "territory" compared to the preciousness of life. All lands that were securely controlled by Ukraine before the invasion will remain part of Ukraine (assuming the unoccupied areas of Luhansk and Donetsk choose to remain with Ukraine). </div><div><br /></div><div>I have friends in Ukraine now, some fighting for Ukraine, and some hiding in basements and frightened by the Russian aggression. Even a non-Ukrainian friend has gone to join your armed forces in defense of your freedom. I love your country, and will continue to support it. One way to express my love for Ukraine is to urge you to settle the war peacefully as quickly as possible under terms that, while unfair and forced upon you, would give the war criminal Putin an "exit ramp" to end the war and withdraw his murderous troops. They will go back to Russia alive, and tell the truth of what they have seen. In the long run, perhaps Russia will follow Ukraine's example, and give up tyranny and dictatorship, and develop toward democracy. Putin cannot live forever.</div><div><br /></div><div> - Eric Hadley-Ives, MSW, PhD</div><div> Associate Professor of Social Work at the University of Illinois, Springfield</div></div>Eric Hadley-Iveshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07349423480178819276noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19990974.post-55247173725949399542022-02-27T15:45:00.009-08:002022-02-27T15:45:53.217-08:00Reform the Security Council in the UN<p style="font-family: "Goudy Old Style"; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 14px 36px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> <span style="font-family: "Goudy Old Style"; letter-spacing: 0.1px;">In 1983 the United States in a coalition with several other Caribbean nations invaded Grenada.</span><span class="Apple-converted-space" style="font-family: "Goudy Old Style"; letter-spacing: 0.1px;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Goudy Old Style"; letter-spacing: 0.1px;">We did this without a U.N. Security Council resolution authorizing that military action. The Prime Minister of Grenada had been executed, and the persons who had overthrown his government had not secured legitimacy, but still, the United States, a massive nation, invaded a small nation without permission from the United Nations.<br /></span><span class="s1" style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">In 1989 the United States again invaded a nation without permission from the United Nations Security Council. Armed forces of the United States invaded Panama, and captured the president of Panama. The Government of the United States claimed that Panamanian leadership was corrupt, and was violating Panamanian law, and was violating the neutrality of the Panama Canal, and was taking away the human rights of Panamanians, but still, the United States, a superpower, invaded a smaller nation without permission from the United Nations.</span></span></p><p style="font-family: "Goudy Old Style"; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 14px 36px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span class="s1" style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;"><br /></span><span class="s1" style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">In 2003 the United States and a coalition of other states again invaded a nation without authorization of the United Nations Security Council. A coalition of forces invaded Iraq with the intention of changing the government in Iraq.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The United States had made a case in the United Nations for this invasion, but while making this case, evidence of Iraqi preparations for aggression against other states was produced, and much of that evidence was based on lies and fabrications made by some members of the American government. The falsity of this evidence was not known by many of the American political and military leadership at the time, but a faction within the government that wanted to invade Iraq used the bad evidence to justify their arguments that an invasion was necessary for self defense.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span></p><p style="font-family: "Goudy Old Style"; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 14px 36px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span class="s1" style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"><br /></span></span><span class="s1" style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">Other members of the United Nations have invaded other nations and removed bloodthirsty dictators.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Vietnam invaded Cambodia in 1979, removing a murderous government there.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Tanzania invaded Uganda in 1978 and removed from power a terrible dictator there. During the area of decolonization, in 1961 the people of Goa were incorporated into India after an invasion of the Portuguese colony by the Indian military. Indonesia invaded East Timor in 1975, and held it as a part of Indonesia until 2002 when Timor-Leste regained its independence.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span></p><p style="font-family: "Goudy Old Style"; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 14px 36px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span class="s1" style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"><br /></span></span><span class="s1" style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">The Soviet Union invaded Hungary in 1956, Czechoslovakia in 1968, and Afghanistan in 1979. North Vietnam invaded South Vietnam in 1975.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>North Korea invaded South Korea in 1950. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Only in the case of Korea has the United Nations forcefully intervened to stop such aggression.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span></p><p style="font-family: "Goudy Old Style"; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 14px 36px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span class="s1" style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"><br /></span></span><span class="s1" style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">These instances of the United Nations framework’s failure to stop invasions and war, even in three cases in which the United States was a perpetrator of these violations of the U.N. Charter, created a precedent in which The government of Russia may have believed it could successfully conquer Ukraine.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>We must change the framework of the United Nations to make an end to these invasions.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The United States is ready to commit to a new regime of International peace in which nations give up their sovereign ability to wage these invasions of conquest and regime change.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>We would like to commit in a binding way to some new arrangement where humanitarian interventions can be quickly permitted, but invasions to install different regimes or to conquer a member state become utterly impossible. This new regime should assure all nations of their security, so that no nation need fear invasion.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>No nation should have the ability to veto United Nations resolutions to protect the sovereignty of a member state from invasion.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>When a state does invade another state with the intention of installing a different regime or incorporating the conquered state into its territory, all member state must commit most forcefully to totally isolate the offending aggressor state.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span></p><p style="font-family: "Goudy Old Style"; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 14px 36px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span class="s1" style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"><br /></span></span><span class="s1" style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">Permission to invade to change a regime on humanitarian grounds must be secured before any such invasions will be permitted, and any state voting in a successful vote for such interventions must commit troops or material and financial aid to the project of occupying a state that requires such a humanitarian intervention. In cases where states have rival claimants to represent the legitimate government, the United Nations must determine whether there is a consensus to recognize one legitimate government or whether no claimant receives a United Nations endorsement as the legitimate government. Only in cases where a state has been determined by the United Nations to lack a legitimate government may any state intervene to support one of rival claimants to legitimacy.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Otherwise, interventions can only be for the UN-recognized legitimate government of that state.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span></p><p style="font-family: "Goudy Old Style"; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 14px 36px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span class="s1" style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"><br /></span></span><span class="s1" style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">The veto power in the Security Council could continue for other resolutions, but in matters of invasions for regime change or conquest, the permanent members’ votes do not have veto power.</span></span></p>Eric Hadley-Iveshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07349423480178819276noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19990974.post-27900889090813408472022-01-13T16:32:00.003-08:002022-02-17T13:15:51.604-08:00Omicron is still going to kill a lot of Americans; maybe 6,000 per day by mid-February<p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">Update on February 17th. I had expected peak deaths to occur this week or the previous week, and thought they might go as high as 6,000 per day, based on the ratio of deaths to cases in South Africa and the number of new cases America was experiencing in early January. About a week after I modeled this death rate, new findings out of the UK showed me that Omicron was about half as deadly as it appeared to be simply from looking at case counts and deaths in South Africa. So, I suspect the South African case counts were significantly undercounting infections, and something about the population in the UK and USA made Omicron less deadly here. We did hit a seven-day daily death average over 3,500 last week, and as I write this update on February 17th, the seven-day daily death average is at 2,200. Given that the UK research showed omicron to be half as deadly as the South African numbers suggested to me, this death rate seems to match revised expectations. The main point I wanted to make with this post was that the mild form of omicron would still kill horrifying numbers of persons, given how widespread infections were, and the death numbers we have had last week and this are approximately equivalent the highest death rates the pandemic generated in the USA, almost exactly a year earlier.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">People should remember that “mild” as a term describing COVID-19 or SARS-CoV-2 infections doesn’t mean the same thing that “mild” means in normal usage. Severity of an illness can be measured by symptom counts, or by severity of symptoms as rated on some scale, or by mortality (deaths) attributed to the illness.</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">“Mild” in terms of pandemic terminology means that an illness is not severe enough to send someone to the hospital or kill them.</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">Probably most of us have experienced illness that would be “mild” according to this standard, but still seemed pretty severe.</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">Maybe we’ve had a flu or some other illness that briefly had our temperature up to 40°/104°, but we didn’t go to a hospital for it.</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">Or maybe we couldn’t keep food down for several days, or couldn’t get out of bed for a week, or had a case of pneumonia or strep throat that was treated by a visit to the doctor’s office rather than a hospital admission. Those illnesses were all “mild” in the sense that they didn’t send us to the hospital.</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">Also, the mildness of an acute case of COVID-19 may not (or may) have a bearing on whether a person develops Long COVID.</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">Long COVID is mild, but it’s awful.</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">A few of the persons suffering some of the worst cases have been driven to commit suicide by it.</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">Some estimates are that 10% of persons contracting COVID may develop Long COVID, even if they had asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections without developing COVID-19.</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;"> </span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">Case fatality rates in the USA (<i><b>not</b> infection</i> fatality rates) have been between 1.5% and 2% in recent months, although they seem </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.10000000149011612px;">too</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;"> be declining toward 0.9% now, and if we assume only a third of SARS-CoV-2 infections are reported and made into “cases” we can say mortality rates per infection (not per case) are </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.10000000149011612px;">going</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;"> down from 1-in-200 being fatal to 1-in-300 or 1-in-400 being fatal. But, given how Omicron SARS-CoV-2 is spreading, even this steep decline in lethality will not spare us from new levels of death we can expect in February to surpass the worst we have experienced so far. </span></span></p>
<p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 14px 36px;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">I’ve just examined some charts related to COVID at the 91-DIVOC site, and I want to share them here and comment on them. First of all, let’s look at the good news, the chart of case mortality:</span></span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 14px 36px;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;"></span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiVOPV0hnalRseHBY5WBTPHQuhK3RcsGx__DNrROi0ccyQlGsA2oLz3WvvfuI0pwLjeSofctHsXCRJLCTDvIVJ79i__NWAKdbnJo26qvLq86XSlNHM6iR76W1RqvqrmtW5e5RMzzS8m2TaPFhobs1tOpcNL7aNdVHiJxUQfOfoBEsKJsjNCFw0=s1118" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="698" data-original-width="1118" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiVOPV0hnalRseHBY5WBTPHQuhK3RcsGx__DNrROi0ccyQlGsA2oLz3WvvfuI0pwLjeSofctHsXCRJLCTDvIVJ79i__NWAKdbnJo26qvLq86XSlNHM6iR76W1RqvqrmtW5e5RMzzS8m2TaPFhobs1tOpcNL7aNdVHiJxUQfOfoBEsKJsjNCFw0=w640-h400" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Deaths per case of COVID, Illinois highlighted, smoothed by monthly averages<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 14px 36px;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">I’ve highlighted my state of residence, Illinois, but please remember that each state has a somewhat unique pattern of case fatality rates. For example, about two months ago as I write this (mid-January 2022) Oklahoma and Georgia were having case fatality rates of 6% to 7% while Illinois was having fatality rates of 1%. This chart is a bit confusing because we don’t really know what “case” means. I think it cannot possibly mean “infection” and probably instead means either “known infections detected through testing and reported to public health authorities” or else “persons admitted to hospitals who were tested and found to have COVID-19 symptoms and tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 exposure”. It might even mean “persons admitted to hospitals who were admitted for COVID-19 and tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 exposure”. Perhaps it means different things in different states. I don’t know. </span></span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 14px 36px;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiSAxt_N-nPquN9o8hTRpgJlBvlRnZ7uxdwqxzBXtOLd6H1u1Q2MxsysY8o4PJcSOs3DJwwgmwzpfGvUZALf45JBPl3NOyspBCLNapYnO96eGN_M3m4mqNxZVVZ9KSDd7wZs3OAXyJoEHRPmIoUEK2pH550ZtdF9VUWT1WdorjxO1H_Gsim7Wo=s2171" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="914" data-original-width="2171" height="270" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiSAxt_N-nPquN9o8hTRpgJlBvlRnZ7uxdwqxzBXtOLd6H1u1Q2MxsysY8o4PJcSOs3DJwwgmwzpfGvUZALf45JBPl3NOyspBCLNapYnO96eGN_M3m4mqNxZVVZ9KSDd7wZs3OAXyJoEHRPmIoUEK2pH550ZtdF9VUWT1WdorjxO1H_Gsim7Wo=w640-h270" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Deaths per case of COVID, USA average highlighted (smoothed as one-month averages)</td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large; letter-spacing: 0.1px;"><br /></span></span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 14px 36px;"><span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">Another issue is that the fatality rate isn’t very smooth, and isn’t showing a clear downward trend (except for the past month or two, as Omicron spreads, but then again, we’ve had fatality rates fall before, in August of of 2020, in April of 2021, in August of 2021, etc.). You might think along these lines: initial waves of COVID-19 killed the most vulnerable persons who were infected, and in the first months of the pandemic, medical staff didn’t know how to best treat COVID-19, and early in the pandemic, no one was vaccinated. As more people are vaccinated, and as medical journals share more information about treatments that really are effective, and as younger and healthier people get the disease (because more vulnerable persons have already had it or have died from it), you might expect a trend of decreasing fatality rates, but we don’t really have that consistently; just five periods of </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.10000000149011612px;">decline in rates of death per case, with the most recent one (which we’re still in) being of a long duration and reach the lowest rate yet seen</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">. </span></span></span></p>
<p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 14px 36px;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">Keeping in mind that it takes an average of two or three weeks from the time a person is admitted to a hospital with COVID (a new case of COVID is identified), you might guess that the spikes in fatality <i>rates per case</i> might occur a few weeks after spikes in new cases. As new cases flood the hospitals, probably treatment suffers and that would drive up fatality rates, right? Well, that’s not quite what has happened. The first fatality spike was in April and May of 2020, a few weeks after the initial case spikes in March and April of that year. There was a “little” spike in cases in July of 2020, and there was no ensuing spike in fatalities in August. There was, however, a spike in fatality rates in September of 2020 experienced in several (but not most) states, and there wasn’t really any spike in new cases in August to explain it. Illinois, which is highlighted in the chart, didn’t see the case or fatality rate spikes in late summer and early autumn of 2020. </span></span></p>
<p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 14px 36px;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"> The winter of 2020-2021 was a terrible time for new cases, with the biggest jump in new cases we have seen until the recent Omicron spike. Fatality rates climbed a little in December and January, but really spiked in late February and early March. What does that mean? That is a strange lag, well over the standard three weeks, so what could explain that? The last people to get sick in a spike are more likely to die, evidently, or at least that seems to have been so in early 2021. Maybe the type of COVID people suffered in the winter of 2020-2021 just took longer to kill people? Higher fatality <i>rates per case </i>should mean that the type of SARS-CoV-2 is more lethal, or it’s infecting people who are more vulnerable, or the quality of care is not as good. In February and March of 2021 we weren’t suffering a spike in new cases three weeks earlier (we more like five-to-eight weeks earlier), so were the people getting sick in mid-spring of 2021 just more vulnerable, or was a more lethal strain on the loose?</span></span></p>
<p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 14px 36px;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">In May and June of 2021 we achieved our lowest level of new cases since the start of the Pandemic—we were experiencing about 12,000 new cases per day in June of 2021, whereas as I write this with Omicron in full swing we are seeing about a million new cases per day. And yet the summer of 2021 is a time when fatality rates spiked to levels almost as high as they had been in the fist months of the pandemic. This was evidently a combination of two causes that drove up fatality rates: the Delta variant was becoming dominant, and it was more lethal, and over half of the vulnerable population susceptible to mortality from COVID had recently completed their second injection of vaccines, so the persons who had virus exposure and developed COVID were more likely to be entirely unvaccinated. Yet, in August we had a steep decline in mortality rates, and only a low rate of increase of mortality rates per case in September, despite a relatively sharp spike in cases experienced in August. By late October and early November fatality rates were again relatively higher, but “high” mortality rates of 1.5% to 2% in the autumn of 2021 were as good as the “low” rates of morality experienced in April of 2021 and November of 2020. </span></span></p>
<p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 14px 36px;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">We’re now at the lowest rate of morality yet observed, below 1%. The trend is continuing to go down in mortality rates. Clearly we’re seeing the effect of vaccination boosting and the lower mortality of the Omicron variant. But, let’s look at the next chart, which shows new cases per day (weekly averages): </span></span></p>
<p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 14px 36px; min-height: 12px;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;"></span><br /></span><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEi8U_G1gYyuxOC62ERaIMdY1cF7W7p4dTS2YS_4xhHC2_tiUu68HdFixiccflhVC5DZWhe9G9_Glp0XXLCL-aNlcugcBtmbdLzTd-LGT1yYqr37OGKUBxZ7YcOiyD0_ANCKpYycwJu5ZyalezdJfiakgRlTLhi9xeJbHVGhxvokbWxE9q8skaw=s1484" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="943" data-original-width="1484" height="406" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEi8U_G1gYyuxOC62ERaIMdY1cF7W7p4dTS2YS_4xhHC2_tiUu68HdFixiccflhVC5DZWhe9G9_Glp0XXLCL-aNlcugcBtmbdLzTd-LGT1yYqr37OGKUBxZ7YcOiyD0_ANCKpYycwJu5ZyalezdJfiakgRlTLhi9xeJbHVGhxvokbWxE9q8skaw=w640-h406" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">New COVID Cases (smoothed as one week averages)</td></tr></tbody></table><br /></p>
<p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 14px 36px; min-height: 12px;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: large; letter-spacing: 0.1px;">This shows the spikes we have had in COVID cases. In April of 2020 we had the initial spike, with terrible outbreaks in New York, New Jersey, and some other New England states. In July of 2020 we had a second spike largely concentrated in Florida, Texas, and California, with Arizona and Georgia also suffering. The winter spike of November 2021 to January of 2021 was a three month terror that hit California, Texas, New York, Florida, Arizona, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Tennessee especially hard. There was a small spring spike in late March and April of 2021 that hit New York, Michigan, Florida, and Pennsylvania. There was a Delta variant spike in August and September of 2021, hitting Florida, Texas, California, Georgia, and Tennessee especially hard. Michigan had its own little spike in November, and then in mid-December the cases began to climb in the current massive and unprecedented spike of Omicron. </span></p>
<p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 14px 36px;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">The next chart, which shows fatalities per day, uses a line for the USA as a whole to show what was going on: </span></span></p>
<p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 14px 36px; min-height: 12px;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEi-kQWoWBA8BlhyF45juGq9ecIrrbockq5QvVPsVvOnd52nj5Bv1c-h_qBPhX6cVt5lGfUWsdDJPQnoBgO2pkmJNDD6GUt_lGXgegakQseVAEQYB4btk1pKyCOweIfcWWGMZ4rg4NTD6iI19WLish4Lg4stt6pwZTV1ptufvVTxuZWI8i81PYA=s2176" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="912" data-original-width="2176" height="268" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEi-kQWoWBA8BlhyF45juGq9ecIrrbockq5QvVPsVvOnd52nj5Bv1c-h_qBPhX6cVt5lGfUWsdDJPQnoBgO2pkmJNDD6GUt_lGXgegakQseVAEQYB4btk1pKyCOweIfcWWGMZ4rg4NTD6iI19WLish4Lg4stt6pwZTV1ptufvVTxuZWI8i81PYA=w640-h268" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Daily deaths from COVID in the USA (smoothed to one-week averages)</td></tr></tbody></table><br /></span></span></p>
<p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 14px 36px;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">You can see how the spike in deaths in September and October follows the spike in new cases (seen in the previous chart) of August and September. Likewise the spike of new cases in November 2020 to January 2021 led to a spike in deaths in December of 2020 to February of 2021. The Omicron new infection spike began in mid-December, and you can see that the spike in new deaths per day began around January 6th or 7th, right on schedule. </span></span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 14px 36px;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">Considering that there is a two-to-three week lag between new cases and deaths, we will need to wait until two or three weeks after we reach the peak of new cases before we can hope to see death counts decline. Just this week the new case counts (averaged by 7-days) are about double what they were two weeks ago (900,000 in this second week of January compared to a little less than 500,000 in late December). In early-to-mid December with about 120,000 new cases per day, we suffered about 1,200 to 1,600 deaths per day in late December and early January: a fatality rate of slightly over 1%. Assuming we hit the top new infections late this month with an average of about 1.2 million new cases per day, and assuming the cases contracted in mid-to-late January are substantially less lethal than cases contracted in mid-to-late December because of a higher percentage of Omicron in the mix (and higher rates of vaccination and previous exposure to SARS-CoV-2 infection), we can estimate that death counts in mid-February will be about 6,000 per day. </span></span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 14px 36px;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">That’s right, the Omicron with a much “milder” and “less lethal” situation per each case seems likely to inflict death rates in mid-February 2022 that will exceed the highest death rates so far seen (in January of 2021) by a factor of two. With so much more enhanced immunity in the population and a much less lethal virus variant, we still are likely to witness a significant portion of February where death counts will be around 6,000 per day, compared to the 3,000 per day we endured in January of 2021. </span></span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 14px 36px;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">That is what a milder version of a virus can do if it is far more contagious. </span></span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 14px 36px;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjnB7TNpezkkhxE7iwP_dxYq4SCydUVOyVFynIOUkC68onMGycIHdfcijj9wsIMNU1yq6wJxH8XU-T3fu2Ydzn9ybT9F4knfnur1HIqJgsDpdd8hhIac92GUMoQupTNRVzGe3NM46BNfRGWWOaH1EejbKs2XqeFMeDgH3K5Qgy_o8Tv6D96Ckk=s2173" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="916" data-original-width="2173" height="270" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjnB7TNpezkkhxE7iwP_dxYq4SCydUVOyVFynIOUkC68onMGycIHdfcijj9wsIMNU1yq6wJxH8XU-T3fu2Ydzn9ybT9F4knfnur1HIqJgsDpdd8hhIac92GUMoQupTNRVzGe3NM46BNfRGWWOaH1EejbKs2XqeFMeDgH3K5Qgy_o8Tv6D96Ckk=w640-h270" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The grim daily increase in COVID cases, even with milder Omicron, is terrifying</td></tr></tbody></table><br /> Who will these 6,000 people per day be? About 5,500 of them each day will be unvaccinated, and well over 400 will be persons who only received one or two injections without getting a booster vaccination. Most of the rest will have factors that make COVID worse, such as obesity, vitamin-D deficiencies, HIV+ status, cancer, or other risk factors that for an unlucky few will make death a (fairly unlikely) possibility even if fully vaccinated and boosted.</span></span></p>Eric Hadley-Iveshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07349423480178819276noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19990974.post-67047284063487139832021-11-02T21:53:00.022-07:002022-01-07T16:26:27.618-08:00Our Charitable Giving, and what one should give<p><span style="font-size: medium;"> Each year, our household gives between 2.5% and 3% of our household income to charities. Our household income is very close to the national median household income, or slightly above the national median. </span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">We give $1,572 per year through payroll deduction to the charities listed below, giving at least $5 per month ($60 per year) to each of them (and substantially more to some of them). In this list, I've included the State Employee Combined Appeal numbers for each charity, in case you are a state or university employee in Illinois who might want to give money to some of the same charities I support. Generally, those at the top of the list get more from us than those at the bottom of the list.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue";">800-5748 Doctors Without Borders / Médecins Sans Frontiéres USA<br /></span><a href="https://www.doctorswithoutborders.org" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue";">https://www.doctorswithoutborders.org</a></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">903-0660 NPR Illinois 91.9 UIS</p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="https://www.nprillinois.org">https://www.nprillinois.org</a></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">909-0000 Earth Share of Illinois</p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://www.earthshare.org/earthshare-illinois/">https://www.earthshare.org/earthshare-illinois/</a><span class="Apple-converted-space"><br /><br /></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">910-0020 American Civil Liberties Union Foundation</p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="https://www.aclu.org">https://www.aclu.org</a></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">910-0100<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Diabetes Research & Wellness Foundation<span class="Apple-converted-space"> (<i>I have a nephew with Type 1 Diabetes</i>)</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="https://www.diabeteswellness.net">https://www.diabeteswellness.net</a></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">901-0415 Refugees International</p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="https://www.refugeesinternational.org">https://www.refugeesinternational.org</a></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">911-0105 Alzheimer’s Foundation of America (<i>Several family members have suffered from Alzheimer's Dementia, and a friend works at their office in Chicago</i>)</p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="https://www.alzfdn.org">https://www.alzfdn.org</a></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">901-0264 Human Rights Watch</p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="https://www.hrw.org">https://www.hrw.org</a></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">909-0020 American Farmland Trust</p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="http://www.farmland.org">http://www.farmland.org</a></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">911-0650 Farmers & Hunters Feeding the Hungry</p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="https://www.fhfh.org">https://www.fhfh.org</a></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">911-0629 Farm Animal Rescue, Adoption, and Sanctuary</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 5px;"><span class="s1" style="text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="https://www.animalplace.org">https://www.animalplace.org</a></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">911-0140 American Humane Association</p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="https://www.americanhumane.org">https://www.americanhumane.org</a></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">800-5552 Black Women’s Health Imperative</p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="https://www.bwhi.org">https://www.bwhi.org</a></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">910-0394 International Planned Parenthood Federation, Western Hemisphere Region</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 6px;"><span class="s1" style="text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="https://fosfeminista.org">https://fosfeminista.org</a></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">910-0171 Humane Society International</p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="https://hsi.org">https://www.hsi.org</a></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">800-5805 Partnership to end Addiction</p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="https://www.drugfree.org">https://www.drugfree.org</a></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">800-5633 Muscular Dystrophy Association, Illinois, Central Division, Champaign (<i>A friend has a son with Duchene's Disease, and I had a childhood friend with muscular Dystrophy as well, and as a child I enjoyed watching Jerry Lewis Telethons on Labor Day</i>.)</p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 5px;"><span class="s1" style="text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="https://www.mda.org">https://www.mda.org</a></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">800-5500 Creating Healthier Communities</p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="https://www.chcimpact.org">https://www.chcimpact.org</a></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">901-0225 Humanity & Inclusion</p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="https://222.hi-us.org">https://www.hi-us.org</a></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">901-0090 Alight</p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="https://www.wearealight.org">https://www.wearealight.org</a></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><br /></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">We give another $400-$500 (total, combined) per year to some of these entities and organizations, but not through the State of Illinois Combined Appeal:</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Scouts BSA (also known as Boy Scouts of America, but it no longer discriminates against girls, women, or LGBTQ+ persons)</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">The Shedd Aquarium in Chicago</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">PBS (the WILL station in Urbana)</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>The Guardian</i> (newspaper and website)</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Informed Comment (news blog about the Middle East)</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Wikipedia</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Hong Kong Free Press</i> (newspaper and website)</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Greater Springfield Interfaith Association</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">John Burroughs School in St. Louis (my old High School)</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">The Johnston Center at the University of Redlands (my old University)</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Various funds and groups at my university, such as the Innocence Project, during our annual campus giving campaign.</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium;">And, if you count my annual union dues of approximately $1,000 per year, I’m also giving to the University Professionals of Illinois, the American Federation of Teachers, and the AFL-CIO (with great pleasure and pride). </span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium;"> </span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgf4B3kifpQ7s6msk3WTfbnO7qJdgbiPQ2jwZbpwDjkVgmtJTzPMlw0li18b4brXT8a0a_ScH5AejC3kdZfTlnCUfrz8Pous30IeyEfPjyirtrXcD2UO4XJUUNQgZiip8K_RX5iEr34UioftZQZnJBmNECrLWRnD-9q_Fj98zo-XJ-7nriXVoM=s1226" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1226" data-original-width="1226" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgf4B3kifpQ7s6msk3WTfbnO7qJdgbiPQ2jwZbpwDjkVgmtJTzPMlw0li18b4brXT8a0a_ScH5AejC3kdZfTlnCUfrz8Pous30IeyEfPjyirtrXcD2UO4XJUUNQgZiip8K_RX5iEr34UioftZQZnJBmNECrLWRnD-9q_Fj98zo-XJ-7nriXVoM=w320-h320" width="320" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium;"><br /> </span><p></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium;">I sometimes give money to Democrats running in elections where they might defeat a Republican, or might lose a seat to a Republican challenger. I also give money to Green Party candidates, especially if they are running for local office or seats in the state legislature (I do not even like the fact that Green candidates run for statewide offices or run in the Presidential elections; I have often voted for them, but I think Green Party candidates should build up power in school boards, county boards, park district boards, city councils, and eventually in state legislatures before they run for state offices or the White House). In election years I might make another $200-$300 in political contributions.</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium;">I do not give money to my religious faith. I do volunteer many hours of time on service projects sponsored or instigated by my faith community. I often consider whether I should give financially to my local faith community, but until certain things change at the national and international level, I have stopped contributions, at least at the national and international level. This dates back to some things that took place in 2005, but was also informed by concerns I had in the late 1980s and again in the late 1990s. I am not a good example in this respect. I should probably be giving an equal amount to my religious community as I give to the secular charities, and I hope someday I will do so again.</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium;">I don't think we give a lot to charity. In fact, I know we might be less generous than the average American in our income range ($50,000-$99,000) The IRS reports households in this range make an average contributions of $3,296. But, that average contribution of over $3,000 would be skewed by contributions of households earning in the top half of that distribution (more than us). It would also be very highly skewed by the fact that the IRS only reports charitable giving for households that claimed a charitable giving deduction by itemizing their return. We do not itemize our taxes and claim a deduction, and it would be hardly worthwhile for persons who give less than us to do so. Therefore, the figure of about $3,300 for average charitable contributions (from 2018) probably only counts households earning more than us and donating more than us, so it is not a fair comparison. I am just making the point that instead of posting this information to claim I am virtuous, I am publicly posting my giving as a social proof. That is, readers now know how much I give to charities. If you are earning close to the median income in the USA, as we are, you might have been giving less than 2.5%-3% of your income to charities, and seeing that I am doing so, you will possibly—hopefully) feel social comparison pressure to give more. If you are giving about the same as we are, you may continue to do so. If you are giving more, you might reach out to me and tell me how much you are giving, and then I would feel some social comparison pressure to give more.</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium;">I believe that persons with low incomes should not give as much to charities. If you earn less than half the median income, I do not think you have any obligation to give anything to charity, but you might be obliged to give to your religious congregation. If you earn between half and 80% of median income, you might be expected to give about 1% of your income to charities. If you earn 80% to 120% of median income, I think 2% to 5% donated to charities is about right. From 120% to 200% of median income, you should probably be giving 6% to 10% of your income to charity. Above 200% of median income, you ought to be giving over 10% of your income to charity, but at some point, perhaps around 15% of your income, you are probably giving enough. Peter Singer suggests that households of our income level are morally responsible if they give 1% of their income to organizations effectively helping people in extreme poverty, and I think we are not quite there, since the mix of charities we support probably needs to include more groups that are addressing poverty.</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium;">I also consider that persons with median incomes in America probably must contribute about 28-30% of their income to local, state, and federal taxes, including the Social Security and Medicare taxes. Workers and employers ought to be giving 14% to Social Security and 4% to Medicare (employees should see a 7% and 2% payroll deduction, with an equal amount contributed by employers). Unfortunately, Social Security and Medicare taxes remain unrealistically low, and have not yet been increased to those needed levels, putting the long-term sustainability of those programs as they exist now in jeopardy. Households at the median income (about $68,000 in 2020) should be paying about 8%-12% in federal income taxes, and then the local and state taxes (property, income, and sales taxes combined) generally add up to about 9%-12% of the household income if the household is earning near the median income. Wealthy Americans pay more in federal income taxes, but their total tax burden is often not much different from others, as they pay less as a percentage of their incomes into Social Security and Medicare payroll deductions. According to a <a href="https://itep.org/whopays/" target="_blank">study by the Institute on Taxation and Economic Policy</a>, combined state and local taxes tend to take away nearly 9.9% of middle-income families’ earnings, but only 7.4% from the top 1%. Wealthy Americans pay about 19% to 24% in federal income taxes (according to IRS reports on tax returns). About 40% of your federal income taxes go to help people through means-tested programs (food assistance, housing assistance, Medicaid, etc.), and a higher percentage of your state taxes goes to help low-income families. A little over 50% of your federal income taxes go to the military or veterans. All your payroll taxes (Social Security and Medicare) should come back to you, especially if you have a long retirement or become disabled and unable to work, but if you die a few weeks after a late retirement without ever being disabled, those payroll deductions go to others (perhaps your surviving spouse). Most of your state/local taxes go to the salaries of teachers, social workers, nurses, doctors, certified nurse assistants, school and university employees, law enforcement personnel, and other persons who help the sick, the poor, the troubled, and children. </span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium;">Anyway, if you are contributing 30% of your income in total to the public realm (local, state, federal, Medicare, and Social Security taxes), and also donating 2-6% to charities, you are doing your part to make the world a good place. </span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium;">In giving to charity, we should give what we can. We should give sustainably: not giving so much that we eventually give up and stop giving. It's good to give regularly, and to plan how you will give. I keep a monthly and annual budget, and most of my contributions are through payroll deduction, so the charities get the money on a regular basis over a long time.</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Times;">For interesting facts about charitable giving, I suggest you consult <a href="https://www.givingwhatwecan.org/post/2021/05/how-much-money-should-we-donate-to-charity/" target="_blank">this article by Luke Freeman</a>, who describes what ethical amounts of giving could be. Also, <a href="https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2019/07/philanthropy-serves-status-quo/593089/" target="_blank">this critique of charity by Annika Neklason</a> from a 2019 issue of <i>The Atlantic</i> in which she explores the ideas of Rob Reich (</span><i style="box-sizing: inherit; font-family: AGaramondPro, "Adobe Garamond Pro", garamond, Times, serif;">Just Giving: Why Philanthropy Is Failing Democracy and How It Can Do Better</i><span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-family: AGaramondPro, "Adobe Garamond Pro", garamond, Times, serif;">)</span><span style="font-family: Times;"> deserves attention. You can download (for free) philosopher Peter Singer’s book <i><a href="https://www.thelifeyoucansave.org/" target="_blank">The Life You Can Save: How to do your part to end world poverty</a></i>. Jim Davies has an interesting point about <a href="https://nautil.us/blog/you-can-save-more-animals-by-donating-100-than-going-vegan" target="_blank">donating to animal welfare causes</a>. Finally, I think Dan Pallotta made some interesting suggestions that deserve consideration in his TED Talk “<a href="https://www.ted.com/talks/dan_pallotta_the_way_we_think_about_charity_is_dead_wrong?language=en">The way we think about charity is dead wrong</a>”. You can consult sources such as <a href="https://www.charitynavigator.org/" target="_blank">Charity Navigator</a>, <a href="https://www.charitywatch.org/" target="_blank">Charity Watch</a>, the <a href="https://give.org/">Better Business Bureau’s Give.org</a>, and <a href="https://www.guidestar.org/" target="_blank">GuideStar</a> to see how certain sets of metrics rank charities, but keep in mind that the things you prioritize in a charity may differ from the measurable indicators used by those sorts of sites.</span></span></p>Eric Hadley-Iveshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07349423480178819276noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19990974.post-1525038936565526732021-09-23T17:08:00.019-07:002021-11-05T11:30:17.400-07:00Playlist for a 30-episode introduction to alternative and indie music<p> Back in March of 2021 I considered what would be on a playlist for a program to introduce the history of indie and alternative music to non-western audiences. I've given more thought to that question since then, and have actually started producing a series of 30 episodes of exactly 59 minute durations in which I introduce music to give an overview of the scope and history of alternative and indie music. Many of the songs are chosen because they represent interesting genres, or because they are songs that appear on multiple lists of "best songs" or "most influential songs" on various websites. I also considered that the intended audience would be Mandarin-speaking audiences in China and Taiwan. Also, as I'm hoping to get these played on radio stations in Taiwan and China, so that there can be increased interest in these types of bands (so that these sorts of bands could successfully tour in Taiwan, at least), I have especially represented the music of Doug Martsch (Built to Spill), in the hopes that he can take his band to Taiwan someday. Also, I chose shorter songs so we could fit the music into 59-minute episodes. Frequently there were longer songs that would have been better, but the shorter songs were good enough, and allowed more songs in an episode.</p><p>So, here are the playlists for 30 episodes. I have started translating and recording the first 15 episodes and the 24th episodes, but the others are still just in the planning stage, and especially the final six episodes. Any suggestions would be appreciated. </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_sLsC8NpmiZK6Xz6UIHEmrnXxgkLEYFdp83RJEYPjZg2ZQIQIfMQCoI_-ggTbz9T8o0_jtvMx8Ceq05ychJKk7AOdNNNfQNldrEvyEH2ReDERDykBgZKZ1nkN2SYg7GgH6dqCtA/s600/Gold+%2528Re-Recorded+Versions%2529.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="600" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_sLsC8NpmiZK6Xz6UIHEmrnXxgkLEYFdp83RJEYPjZg2ZQIQIfMQCoI_-ggTbz9T8o0_jtvMx8Ceq05ychJKk7AOdNNNfQNldrEvyEH2ReDERDykBgZKZ1nkN2SYg7GgH6dqCtA/w200-h200/Gold+%2528Re-Recorded+Versions%2529.jpg" width="200" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0W7DVuc219sgl3IlXPu8iXlRX8uCwkTFcM_A8gnvWGAGpeSJ3qIXjjQ0dOyLhcNBPUCO4qWvc9Zk6slF7E21VMZ_ZVRidLFISODEZO5-nAZDWWhOk4cCvpXirrC7IxCKouCN4zw/s494/Another+Green+World.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="483" data-original-width="494" height="196" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0W7DVuc219sgl3IlXPu8iXlRX8uCwkTFcM_A8gnvWGAGpeSJ3qIXjjQ0dOyLhcNBPUCO4qWvc9Zk6slF7E21VMZ_ZVRidLFISODEZO5-nAZDWWhOk4cCvpXirrC7IxCKouCN4zw/w200-h196/Another+Green+World.jpg" width="200" /></a> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGwCzdAN6tYidMZsFNNE2Ap5VfY-ukqoihlw_qilUaBVzgmk_kJxzGzkNUEqatoOximquvhbrfsDiA2OULgmcAfiRrVcFZYdfuqm9XtnYKSmmZYVWfY3tvZJUjn4enp3R2McjDlg/s600/Marquee+Moon.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="597" data-original-width="600" height="199" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGwCzdAN6tYidMZsFNNE2Ap5VfY-ukqoihlw_qilUaBVzgmk_kJxzGzkNUEqatoOximquvhbrfsDiA2OULgmcAfiRrVcFZYdfuqm9XtnYKSmmZYVWfY3tvZJUjn4enp3R2McjDlg/w200-h199/Marquee+Moon.jpg" width="200" /></a> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWL0yBa5uFblqe_08A67S_nLsHFVNdVyLLIeubLIBPM70GJfo-vnh1uCTdjHvITRhwdIi3VnbSdY9bkom3ObFt3OFeWJDtTxT9N8o8NxSUwTIJtdii2uta8jx9F14bGiAxXmFS8Q/s600/The+Velvet+Underground+%2526+Nico.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="600" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWL0yBa5uFblqe_08A67S_nLsHFVNdVyLLIeubLIBPM70GJfo-vnh1uCTdjHvITRhwdIi3VnbSdY9bkom3ObFt3OFeWJDtTxT9N8o8NxSUwTIJtdii2uta8jx9F14bGiAxXmFS8Q/w200-h200/The+Velvet+Underground+%2526+Nico.jpg" width="200" /> </a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimd0iPcJcREc94RqzbZHlnnYeR-Te0g4KtlfPvCrI_yGZBOeCfnhUnmrkJgk1_9L1eU67fHJGvKNMlpAzK4OFD4k8Ef5zHysI2gEwtn8nqdy4LFFRKcgC2yu3mdXS_30cLBuGFpg/s1417/Radio-Activity+%25282009+Remaster%2529.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1417" data-original-width="1417" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimd0iPcJcREc94RqzbZHlnnYeR-Te0g4KtlfPvCrI_yGZBOeCfnhUnmrkJgk1_9L1eU67fHJGvKNMlpAzK4OFD4k8Ef5zHysI2gEwtn8nqdy4LFFRKcgC2yu3mdXS_30cLBuGFpg/w200-h200/Radio-Activity+%25282009+Remaster%2529.jpg" width="200" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyr-7a-2dRKajMGpjC0vBm1IqbvLe8AaiIdogwOn2cHDn8jAgKtHXNNkSaMuG2ZZngczpDkjPFzZAxjXoMilB9-_lLhQDP0p0Y5heBziu7raXkzHkOt6OYx2ePzxl6oDNzlRqYTQ/s1400/Please+Listen+To+the+Pictures+-+The+BBC+Sessions+Recordings.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1400" data-original-width="1400" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyr-7a-2dRKajMGpjC0vBm1IqbvLe8AaiIdogwOn2cHDn8jAgKtHXNNkSaMuG2ZZngczpDkjPFzZAxjXoMilB9-_lLhQDP0p0Y5heBziu7raXkzHkOt6OYx2ePzxl6oDNzlRqYTQ/w200-h200/Please+Listen+To+the+Pictures+-+The+BBC+Sessions+Recordings.jpg" width="200" /></a><br /><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1rze96iZUnQizON_LAxCkamU7AUCzvcBKIEOknyfDsRSS_UZZM8CXMNvVD8NjQzkp-LGd7DyPguPMfonFSctN6mZ8MHoZYhvdwGRc8-TVMN1EWXGwndHXyWZqlGbkeCm8W2KN7Q/s500/My+Life+in+the+Bush+of+Ghosts.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="496" data-original-width="500" height="198" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1rze96iZUnQizON_LAxCkamU7AUCzvcBKIEOknyfDsRSS_UZZM8CXMNvVD8NjQzkp-LGd7DyPguPMfonFSctN6mZ8MHoZYhvdwGRc8-TVMN1EWXGwndHXyWZqlGbkeCm8W2KN7Q/w200-h198/My+Life+in+the+Bush+of+Ghosts.png" width="200" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPJ2Gp_cRjl54ARKgHsHj3tLzmPhK-Pbtpl4U8wKcPAysnM942X18y1j7WNzC4O-ZHAjJB1665JcQfoCJGGd6Hv9Vg8cgubeDdrIlualL-gwPvta7yLXsvoX0h9bQyY77aND0rHQ/s515/King+Of+The+Surf+Guitar_+The+Best+Of+Dick+Dale+And+His+Del-Tones.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="515" data-original-width="515" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPJ2Gp_cRjl54ARKgHsHj3tLzmPhK-Pbtpl4U8wKcPAysnM942X18y1j7WNzC4O-ZHAjJB1665JcQfoCJGGd6Hv9Vg8cgubeDdrIlualL-gwPvta7yLXsvoX0h9bQyY77aND0rHQ/w200-h200/King+Of+The+Surf+Guitar_+The+Best+Of+Dick+Dale+And+His+Del-Tones.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><br /></div><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"><b>Episode 1<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Precursors and Antecedents<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></b></span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Louie Louie<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The Kingsmen<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1963<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The Best of the Kingsmen</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">You Really Got Me<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The Kinks<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2001<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The British Are Coming</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Bird's the Word<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The Golden Group<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1963<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Oldies and Goldies: 50 Classic Rock and Pop Hits of the 60's and 70's</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Apache (Re-Recorded)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The Ventures<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2002<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Gold (Re-Recorded Versions)</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Pipeline<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Dick Dale & His Del-Tones With Stevie Ray Vaughn<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1989<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>King Of The Surf Guitar: The Best Of Dick Dale And His Del-Tones</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">A Dream for Julie (Top Of the Pops' Radio Session Version 1968)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Kaleidoscope<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1967<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Please Listen To the Pictures - The BBC Sessions Recordings</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Ride a White Swan<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Marc Bolan & T.Rex<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2002<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>T.Rex (Marc Bolan &) 20th Century Boy, The Ultimate Collection</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">No More Mr. Nice Guy<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Alice Cooper<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1992<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Sounds Of The Seventies - 70'S Top 40</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Transistor (2009<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Kraftwerk<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1975<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Radio-Activity (2009 Remaster)</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">St. Elmo's Fire<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Brian Eno<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1975<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Another Green World</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Regiment<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Brian Eno & David Byrne<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1981<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>My Life in the Bush of Ghosts</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Roadrunner<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Jonathan Richman & The Modern Lovers<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1972<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The Beserkley Years</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">All Tomorrow's Parties (Stereo)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The Velvet Underground & Nico<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1967<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The Velvet Underground & Nico</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Marquee Moon<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Television<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1994<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Marquee Moon</span></p><p class="p4" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; min-height: 12px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmbUxSrQow3JTRWdOpaG9mbnVm5elzLlE-cIJCpJ5gDQZP4lpnBQxvuFtFS7OB1gP_-DITgQhr08-lkCui3TGOIX6UoKyznBL8TXc0udNJAQ7YeK9QRmBXDg1I2hfKj1qIbdsVXw/s1426/The+Stooges+%2528Deluxe+Edition%2529.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1418" data-original-width="1426" height="199" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmbUxSrQow3JTRWdOpaG9mbnVm5elzLlE-cIJCpJ5gDQZP4lpnBQxvuFtFS7OB1gP_-DITgQhr08-lkCui3TGOIX6UoKyznBL8TXc0udNJAQ7YeK9QRmBXDg1I2hfKj1qIbdsVXw/w200-h199/The+Stooges+%2528Deluxe+Edition%2529.jpg" width="200" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgY8yaJx29iVSpHpErWcRep9JXzLx9WGk-OzIWh80R7fa_VM2_JNvrK8ODDST98gtqG_AQT_juQWyDneTsoAk4IUtbOWZAreA7w81Guq1qgPO9HPxcb4gBG2Q7yjqRSgeHeJmnC1A/s1416/New+York+Dolls.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1416" data-original-width="1416" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgY8yaJx29iVSpHpErWcRep9JXzLx9WGk-OzIWh80R7fa_VM2_JNvrK8ODDST98gtqG_AQT_juQWyDneTsoAk4IUtbOWZAreA7w81Guq1qgPO9HPxcb4gBG2Q7yjqRSgeHeJmnC1A/w200-h200/New+York+Dolls.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiY8DWElcOUjqfIQYrT9q6OFHgngN1skS0s07OQyXZiBW5YtD7CU6a7kk4pFrMuNBgVBZztyFaWidjuLKQvTN3HgNsCUkD-d234YpmPOapAZ8lmiayh_Fkui0p3-guVLwhC_tHCeg/s600/Parallel+Lines.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="600" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiY8DWElcOUjqfIQYrT9q6OFHgngN1skS0s07OQyXZiBW5YtD7CU6a7kk4pFrMuNBgVBZztyFaWidjuLKQvTN3HgNsCUkD-d234YpmPOapAZ8lmiayh_Fkui0p3-guVLwhC_tHCeg/w200-h200/Parallel+Lines.jpg" width="200" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWfTNMLel6HW87NCEdgHj50UnfXenT_-AHgDmBtoW6E2R0OK2cTBJYD2CPMjrVYHKkI9dEQ8RHsGgx3VZxA8LGFCNLVK6HpES9_XqTgzpwWVSxy2Ot4f1M51Ala3jrHl1_sTfZmg/s1500/Songs+the+Lord+Taught+Us.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1500" data-original-width="1500" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWfTNMLel6HW87NCEdgHj50UnfXenT_-AHgDmBtoW6E2R0OK2cTBJYD2CPMjrVYHKkI9dEQ8RHsGgx3VZxA8LGFCNLVK6HpES9_XqTgzpwWVSxy2Ot4f1M51Ala3jrHl1_sTfZmg/w200-h200/Songs+the+Lord+Taught+Us.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9QUI4Cr9UmW4PFtnFNHHTMNzrYK4mwr_AshcsYuPLjwRz_6TEDocU6iNHlLx4u28h_S7mpZyu9uCDiC9UtJQMsbE93KELMVF2ZvvtDquCPk_WZKqHdbDmivot7f2yLgZZJgc4-A/s600/The+Blue+Mask.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="600" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9QUI4Cr9UmW4PFtnFNHHTMNzrYK4mwr_AshcsYuPLjwRz_6TEDocU6iNHlLx4u28h_S7mpZyu9uCDiC9UtJQMsbE93KELMVF2ZvvtDquCPk_WZKqHdbDmivot7f2yLgZZJgc4-A/w200-h200/The+Blue+Mask.jpg" width="200" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQ1zmbwkF4DwVHfJSxIQvQEZy5OMA-DOi2PkqL4LCke3Vk5V0pPXqdqBx4xU78eVFGxbweBpiwR_D8HPhB97FYpV3XbR85c2uc8TIubd6PBMpYOs-4rq6CP45l1l-QPS_mtcbHRQ/s600/Beauty+And+The+Beat.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="600" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQ1zmbwkF4DwVHfJSxIQvQEZy5OMA-DOi2PkqL4LCke3Vk5V0pPXqdqBx4xU78eVFGxbweBpiwR_D8HPhB97FYpV3XbR85c2uc8TIubd6PBMpYOs-4rq6CP45l1l-QPS_mtcbHRQ/w200-h200/Beauty+And+The+Beat.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><p class="p4" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; min-height: 12px; text-indent: -36px;"><br style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; text-indent: 0px;" /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWw4sRBMTMt-Ldubcdc6jcLI0m8lnHJgKOsswY4roorP-Wei0sHtgjg-KlBZIZGUU7r1m1mE051VGImVOsY3qu9OZ5kGREYQWdz2PmizQzc19jpWrlHxlcQF_NlyTI2PG73552SA/s400/End+On+End.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="400" data-original-width="400" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWw4sRBMTMt-Ldubcdc6jcLI0m8lnHJgKOsswY4roorP-Wei0sHtgjg-KlBZIZGUU7r1m1mE051VGImVOsY3qu9OZ5kGREYQWdz2PmizQzc19jpWrlHxlcQF_NlyTI2PG73552SA/w200-h200/End+On+End.jpg" width="200" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEpyCy291ldGxgmt6xoRczE2vfwlJYOKhUsaj3jmBUPHBe0KGuQxGcgCii4esb8ZB4CsoBL_20kRPxmyYEb23G-8R1ICg_FxGkYjJB0mNuMaJIO6Gavoh5v4iVi112uLHmsbnB7g/s600/Give+Me+Convenience+or+Give+Me+Death.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="600" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEpyCy291ldGxgmt6xoRczE2vfwlJYOKhUsaj3jmBUPHBe0KGuQxGcgCii4esb8ZB4CsoBL_20kRPxmyYEb23G-8R1ICg_FxGkYjJB0mNuMaJIO6Gavoh5v4iVi112uLHmsbnB7g/w200-h200/Give+Me+Convenience+or+Give+Me+Death.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><p class="p4" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; min-height: 12px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"><b>Episode 2<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>American Punk and New Wave</b></span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">I Wanna Be Your Dog (Remastered)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The Stooges<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The Stooges (Deluxe Edition)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1969</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Personality Crisis<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>New York Dolls<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>New York Dolls<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1973</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Blitzkrieg Bop<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The Ramones<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Mania<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1976</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">The Passenger<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Iggy Pop<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Lust for Life<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1977</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Heart Of Glass<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Blondie<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Parallel Lines<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1978</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Brass In Pocket<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The Pretenders<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The Singles<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1980</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">We Got The Beat<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The Go-Go's<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Beauty And The Beat<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1981</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Radio Free Europe (Original Hib-Tone Single)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>R.E.M.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Eponymous<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1988</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Animal Day<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Wall of Voodoo<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Dark Continent<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1981</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Animals<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Talking Heads<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Fear Of Music<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1979</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">The Mad Daddy<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The Cramps<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Songs the Lord Taught Us<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1998</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">The Green Door<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The Cramps<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Psychedelic Jungle<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1981</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">The Blue Mask<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Lou Reed<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The Blue Mask<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1999</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Holiday In Cambodia<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Dead Kennedys<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Give Me Convenience or Give Me Death<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1980</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Hidden Wheel<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Rites Of Spring<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>End On End<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1985</span></p><p class="p4" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; min-height: 12px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMdevPkVRNuVmvJIVkV93t4hvMxIaRArnYn_d_BQoEh8DVmKxBFBy59nSsbAdV10ku0J70fKHQGx1cMKUulSNNPUBUXJ-SWgrZefWLEtbmNUX6Rpm_ukjSsPQa11g6voiuRb7hzg/s600/Never+Mind+The+Bollocks.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="568" data-original-width="600" height="189" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMdevPkVRNuVmvJIVkV93t4hvMxIaRArnYn_d_BQoEh8DVmKxBFBy59nSsbAdV10ku0J70fKHQGx1cMKUulSNNPUBUXJ-SWgrZefWLEtbmNUX6Rpm_ukjSsPQa11g6voiuRb7hzg/w200-h189/Never+Mind+The+Bollocks.jpg" width="200" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieKECuf-L8GT65b-pOWB3mpJWYR6fFEhxCzkQ00zhbkNOJNUzXQwPfy3ZePMpC53PESGZz8tyParARdyPeaKBIPRdmh77K-gnoH6lQF52RM9AmUEr8hkwC_pWn7uCYZ-ip7SqoqQ/s603/Spiral+Scratch.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="603" data-original-width="600" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieKECuf-L8GT65b-pOWB3mpJWYR6fFEhxCzkQ00zhbkNOJNUzXQwPfy3ZePMpC53PESGZz8tyParARdyPeaKBIPRdmh77K-gnoH6lQF52RM9AmUEr8hkwC_pWn7uCYZ-ip7SqoqQ/w199-h200/Spiral+Scratch.jpg" width="199" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; 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text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitiilKEdpTQ9-IiAOfWJsddLCqAdBhS_1W9Ly4TaXvQcKcKx-ATK0QpGNqQoOGyoolVoVoEcST_HHX2OhIGIAdXMhK3YKQJu2xVzyKEaVn6yJQAon-5SOKI8GRNDUPI80HbkKotw/s280/Unknown+Pleasures.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="280" data-original-width="280" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitiilKEdpTQ9-IiAOfWJsddLCqAdBhS_1W9Ly4TaXvQcKcKx-ATK0QpGNqQoOGyoolVoVoEcST_HHX2OhIGIAdXMhK3YKQJu2xVzyKEaVn6yJQAon-5SOKI8GRNDUPI80HbkKotw/w200-h200/Unknown+Pleasures.png" width="200" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhq1za7IBTvRkp4xQxObh-0A2LU3hQ-jxSun6GanqiPbirzWK8yF-T8CDrAWVhaL4sFUB6QB3V91stIAckzIt_1YUeo5yo2M2amDfek34DzXV2ntCJlx7Fs3O136xFE7WFaUfShEw/s1400/You+Can%2527t+Hide+Your+Love+Forever.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1400" data-original-width="1400" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhq1za7IBTvRkp4xQxObh-0A2LU3hQ-jxSun6GanqiPbirzWK8yF-T8CDrAWVhaL4sFUB6QB3V91stIAckzIt_1YUeo5yo2M2amDfek34DzXV2ntCJlx7Fs3O136xFE7WFaUfShEw/w200-h200/You+Can%2527t+Hide+Your+Love+Forever.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgiFvOPTBGGlg-_K2i_SqbaTFnwT-STvYL6s5Pj7QDxSRRFB5guRwKWH9BXrOvYSbw1sSQBvcQOceL6uND3IrVVVfxVtDgNDIryhDr6rfX-CQ3-QCH8OQSmhQb92OeA_yk8nxz87A/s400/Twenty+Jazz+Funk+Greats.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="331" data-original-width="400" height="166" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgiFvOPTBGGlg-_K2i_SqbaTFnwT-STvYL6s5Pj7QDxSRRFB5guRwKWH9BXrOvYSbw1sSQBvcQOceL6uND3IrVVVfxVtDgNDIryhDr6rfX-CQ3-QCH8OQSmhQb92OeA_yk8nxz87A/w200-h166/Twenty+Jazz+Funk+Greats.png" width="200" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEje3GOKTJLrYFX_2E6bRt4ZtLw-Dv_yTz0929iUVIQJKWaQZzDDzEgjQ8NtYXVXczhrWk5rV_N_9_Slx51hnn2HQJRVNGRjDo9vgmZwEVwDrVeh9FP9mSKiEkRZ9mXExkEkq4h1Dw/s600/Entertainment.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="588" data-original-width="600" height="196" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEje3GOKTJLrYFX_2E6bRt4ZtLw-Dv_yTz0929iUVIQJKWaQZzDDzEgjQ8NtYXVXczhrWk5rV_N_9_Slx51hnn2HQJRVNGRjDo9vgmZwEVwDrVeh9FP9mSKiEkRZ9mXExkEkq4h1Dw/w200-h196/Entertainment.png" width="200" /></a></div><br /><p class="p4" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; min-height: 12px; text-indent: -36px;"><br /></p><p class="p4" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; min-height: 12px; text-indent: -36px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"><b>Episode 3<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>British Punk and New Wave</b></span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">EMI<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Sex Pistols<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Never Mind The Bollocks<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1977</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Complete Control<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The Clash<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Clash On Broadway (Disc 1)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1991</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Boredom<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Buzzcocks<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Spiral Scratch<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1977</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Oh Bondage (Up Yours)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>X-Ray Spex<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Punk You Vol. 1<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1978</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Fairytale In the Supermarket<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The Raincoats<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The Raincoats<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1979</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Hot on the Heels of Love<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Throbbing Gristle<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Twenty Jazz Funk Greats<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1979</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Natural's Not In It<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Gang of Four<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Entertainment<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1979</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Read It In Books<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Echo and the Bunnymen<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The Pictures On My Wall b/w Read It In Books<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1979</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Interzone<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Joy Division<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Unknown Pleasures<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1979</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Mesh<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>New Order<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Substance (Disc 2)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1981</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Felicity<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Orange Juice<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>You Can't Hide Your Love Forever<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1982</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Electricity<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Orchestral Manoeuvres In The Dark<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The Best Of O.M.D.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1988</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">New Life<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Depeche Mode<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The Singles 81-85<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1999</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">I Melt With You (7" single mix)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Modern English<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>After The Snow<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1982</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Ghost Town<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The Specials<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The 2 Tone Collection: A Checkered Past (Disc 2)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1993</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Ranking Full Stop<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The English Beat<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The 2 Tone Collection: A Checkered Past (Disc 1)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1993</span></p><p class="p4" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; min-height: 12px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTQjgvjFfDr_BrNkJDDesa9lHuk_-ILqldQwi2tKKq2mYWteW-Zq2gSIlAqO25fgeXAtUJAgLRm5m8LACLsyJGFO8HKEFCSJ1LHXHU08GofCJWi97X6L336eowjmZgAFeaEgXc6w/s600/50%252C000+Fall+Fans+Can_t+Be+Wrong+%252839+Golden+Greats%2529.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="561" data-original-width="600" height="187" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTQjgvjFfDr_BrNkJDDesa9lHuk_-ILqldQwi2tKKq2mYWteW-Zq2gSIlAqO25fgeXAtUJAgLRm5m8LACLsyJGFO8HKEFCSJ1LHXHU08GofCJWi97X6L336eowjmZgAFeaEgXc6w/w200-h187/50%252C000+Fall+Fans+Can_t+Be+Wrong+%252839+Golden+Greats%2529.jpg" width="200" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYhdUOPO76AZIHrWbtq7Ry9RY0EZrVFbEemQuvWwl6L9a4a8SFQKMlhpuw8pkGSZsZsP7m3a0wNQG4cBU25HpUJUyNuw92EYPvsBVmFxK5Mf4rIoWAtXgxRM4tCb4ioYwYnqLfCg/s300/Orchestral+Manoeuvres+in+the+Dark.png" style="margin-left: 1em; 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margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="400" data-original-width="400" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7Gxq0KJhiXnqyz3aMkmD6lKR0yjvCqb5L-qwCQ7stgjhic-a5DzQ8ydLQ3hDg5lRXJL93KTkRVLbE7xfKGDexidMl3Rpu_rOeSJMv_jgRiuqhLocYaqLCQmBjcwiTBJcTcnNBZA/w200-h200/Staring+At+The+Sea_+The+Singles+1979-1985.png" width="200" /></a></div><br /><p class="p4" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; min-height: 12px; text-indent: -36px;"><br /></p><p class="p4" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; min-height: 12px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"><b>Episode 4<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Post-Punk</b></span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Brazil<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Wire<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Pink Flag (2006 Remaster)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1977</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">I Don't Know What To Do With My Life<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The Buzzcocks<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>A Different Kind Of Tension/Singles Going Steady<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1979</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Eighties<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Killing Joke<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Punk You Vol. 1<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1984</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Boys Don't Cry<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The Cure<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Staring At The Sea: The Singles 1979-1985<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1979</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Love Will Tear Us Apart<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Joy Division<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Permanent<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1979</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Second Skin<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The Chameleons<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Script of the Bridge: 25th Anniversary Edition (Remastered)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1983</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Blue Monday<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>New Order<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Power, Corruption & Lies<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1983</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Bunker Soldiers<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1980</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Friend Or Foe<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Adam Ant<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Antics In The Forbidden Zone<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1982</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">(This Is Not A) Love Song (1983)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Public Image Limited (John Lydon)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Best Of British 1 Pound Notes<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1983</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Totally Wired<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The Fall<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>50,000 Fall Fans Can’t Be Wrong (39 Golden Greats)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2004</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Rusholme Ruffians (Peel Version)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The Smiths<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>B Sides and Rare<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1984</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">The Cutter<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Echo & The Bunnymen<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Songs To Learn & Sing<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1985</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">I Promise<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Radiohead<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>OKNOTOK 1997<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2017<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1997</span></p><p class="p4" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; min-height: 12px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgE0YLu_Emb5eyrrMbbnhb6XnbDmDvvDAA4cHvxYSS7oaH7Z5lugYIHPRV4eF9B_OIRoUrc-FTYsFDivHJZVyCo7owrG-WgRjVU15qe2tTKwTX8BaiVApJpB8LUiiG2OMmPDCEyaQ/s600/Book+of+Love.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="600" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgE0YLu_Emb5eyrrMbbnhb6XnbDmDvvDAA4cHvxYSS7oaH7Z5lugYIHPRV4eF9B_OIRoUrc-FTYsFDivHJZVyCo7owrG-WgRjVU15qe2tTKwTX8BaiVApJpB8LUiiG2OMmPDCEyaQ/w200-h200/Book+of+Love.jpg" width="200" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1luJEzkoj3L-CjTuRpSD_5I5NGPnOeXIILlyvzEVz_R-W7rfC4sU5jI9Jqt17WwEqENnfx6uVOuMfVZPFWrg0jvTtjuAZ916tuGKIgJjnfsl6trs8BpTYPmhlu4x5AyaapJ6XUg/s600/Danseparc.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="600" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1luJEzkoj3L-CjTuRpSD_5I5NGPnOeXIILlyvzEVz_R-W7rfC4sU5jI9Jqt17WwEqENnfx6uVOuMfVZPFWrg0jvTtjuAZ916tuGKIgJjnfsl6trs8BpTYPmhlu4x5AyaapJ6XUg/w200-h200/Danseparc.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; 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font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; min-height: 12px; text-indent: -36px;"><br /></p><p class="p4" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; min-height: 12px; text-indent: -36px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"><b>Episode 5<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>College Rock</b></span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Genius of Love (Long Version)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Tom Tom Club<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Tom Tom Club<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1981</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">These Dangerous Machines<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Martha And The Muffins<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Danseparc<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1983</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Gates Of Steel<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Devo<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Greatest Hits<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1980</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">7 Chinese Bros.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>R.E.M.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Reckoning<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1984</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Alex Chilton<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The Replacements<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Pleased To Meet Me<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1987</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Take the Skinheads Bowling<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Camper Van Beethoven<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Telephone Free Landslide Victory<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1985</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Don't Let's Start<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>They Might Be Giants<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Dial-A-Song: 20 Years of They Might Be Giants<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1985</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Boy (Extended Mix Version)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Book of Love<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Book of Love<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1986</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">When Men Were Trains<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Big Dipper<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Supercluster - The Big Dipper Anthology<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1987</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">I Love Hot Nights<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Jonathan Richman<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Modern Lovers 88<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1987</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Here Comes Your Man<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The Pixies<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Doolittle<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1990</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Years Later<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Cactus World News<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Urban Beaches<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1986</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Why Are You Being so Reasonable Now?<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The Wedding Present<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>George Best Plus<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1987</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">So You Think You're in Love<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Robyn Hitchcock & the Egyptians<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Perspex Island<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1991</span></p><p class="p4" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; min-height: 12px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"><b>Episode 6<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Early Synth</b></span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Telstar<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The Tornadoes<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1962<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The British Are Coming</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Doctor Who Theme (TV Version)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Murray Gold & BBC National Orchestra of Wales<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1963<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Dr. Who (Original Television Soundtrack)</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Because<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The Beatles<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1969<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Abbey Road</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">I Have Known Love<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Silver Apples<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1969<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Contact</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Pop Corn<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Gershon Kingsley<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1969<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Music to Moog By Gershon Kingsley</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Hallo Gallo<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Neu!<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1972<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Soul Jazz Records Presents Deutsche Elektronische Musik: Experimental German Rock and Electronic Music 1972-83</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Neon Lights (Single Edit)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Kraftwerk<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1978<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The Model</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">St. Elmo's Fire<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Brian Eno<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1975<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Another Green World</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Warm Leatherette<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The Normal (Daniel Miller)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1978<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>T.V.O.D. / Warm Leatherette single</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">I Feel Love (12" Version)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Donna Summer<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1979<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Bad Girls (Deluxe Edition)</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Cars<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Numan, Gary<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1979<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The Pleasure Principle</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Shout (Rio Remix)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Depeche Mode<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1981<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Singles Box 1</span></p><p class="p4" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; min-height: 12px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></p><p class="p4" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; min-height: 12px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"><b>Episode 7<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Loud Early Indie</b></span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Where Next Columbus<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Crass<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1981<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Penis Envy</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">TV Party<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Black Flag<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1981<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Repo Man</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">The Hammer Hits The Nail<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The Flesh Eaters<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1983<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>A Hard Road To Follow</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Faye Wang<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>J Church<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1999<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Altamont '99</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">The Cheerleaders<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Minutemen<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1985<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Project Mersh</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Minor Threat<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Minor Threat<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1984<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>First Two 7"s</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Waiting Room<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Fugazi<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1989<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>13 Songs</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Run Like A Villain<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Iggy Pop<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1982<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Zombie Birdhouse</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Guns At My School<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Hüsker Dü<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1981<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Land speed record</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Books About UFOs<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Hüsker Dü<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1985<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>New Day Rising</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Shiftless when Idle<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The Replacements<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1982<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Sorry Ma, Forgot to Take Out the Trash</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">I Can't Hardly Wait [The Tim Version]<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The Replacements<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1985<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Nothing For All</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Heartbeat<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Big Black<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1987<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Heartbeat (Remastered) - Single</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">In Circles (Remastered)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Sunny Day Real Estate<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1994<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Diary (Remastered) [Bonus Track Version]</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Rebel Girl<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Bikini Kill<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1993<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Pussy Whipped</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Get Up<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Sleater-Kinney<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1999<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The Hot Rock (Remastered)</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Bang! Bang!<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Le Tigre<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2001<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>From the Desk of Mr. Lady</span></p><p class="p4" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; min-height: 12px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></p><p class="p4" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; min-height: 12px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></p><p class="p4" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; min-height: 12px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"><b>Episode 8<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Grunge</b></span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Sex Bomb (7")<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Flipper<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1981<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Sex Bomb Baby</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Feel the Pain<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Dinosaur Jr.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1994<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Without a Sound</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Good Enough<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Mudhoney<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1991<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Every Good Boy Deserves Fudge</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Cry for a Shadow<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Beat Happening<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1991<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Dreamy</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Smells Like Teen Spirit (Live<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>California)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Nirvana<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1996<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>From the Muddy Banks of the Wishkah</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">All Apologies<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Nirvana<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1993<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>In Utero (20th Anniversary) [Remastered]</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Better Man<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Pearl Jam<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2004<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Rearviewmirror: Greatest Hits 1991-2003</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Spoonman<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Soundgarden<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1994<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Superunknown (20th Anniversary)</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Interstate Love Song (2019 Remaster)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Stone Temple Pilots<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1994<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Purple (2019 Remaster)</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Doll Parts<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Hole<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1994<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Live Through This</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Big Dipper<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Built To Spill<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1994<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>There's Nothing Wrong With Love</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Untrustable / Part 2 (About Someone Else)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Built to Spill<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1997<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Perfect from Now On</span></p><p class="p4" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; min-height: 12px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></p><p class="p4" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; min-height: 12px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"><b>Episode 9<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Alternative Rock and Pop Punk of the 1990s</b></span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Fake Plastic Trees<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Radiohead<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1995<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The Bends</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Girls and Boys<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Blur<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1994<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Girls & Boys</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Rock 'n' Roll Star<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Oasis<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1995<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Rock 'N' Roll Star</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Under the Bridge<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Red Hot Chili Peppers<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1991<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Blood Sugar Sex Magik</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Lightening Crashes<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Live<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1994<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Woodstock 1994</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">1979<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The Smashing Pumpkins<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1995<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Mellon Collie and the Infinite Sadness</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Longview<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Green Day<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1994<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Dookie</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Come Out And Play<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The Offspring<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1994<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Smash</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">What's My Age Again?<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>blink-182<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1999<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Enema of the State</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Sissyneck<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Beck<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1996<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Odelay</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">My Hero<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Foo Fighters<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1997<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Colour & The Shape</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Father Of Mine (Special Pop Mix)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Everclear<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1998<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Fight for your rights</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">The Hand that Feeds<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Nine Inch Nails<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2005<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>With Teeth</span></p><p class="p4" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; min-height: 12px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"><b>Episode 10<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Beautiful Indie<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></b></span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Avalon<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Bryan Ferry & Roxy Music<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1982<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Street Life - Greatest Hits</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Sugar Hiccup<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Cocteau Twins<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1983<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Head Over Heels (Remastered)</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">A Single Wish<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>This Mortal Coil<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1984<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>It'll End In Tears</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">The Piccadilly Trail<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The Style Council<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1984<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The Sound Of The Style Council</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Down On Mission Street<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Lloyd Cole And The Commotions<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1984<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Rattlesnakes</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Among The Americans<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>10,000 Maniacs<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1985<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The Wishing Chair</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">You<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Tuxedomoon<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1987<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>You</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Birthday<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Sugarcubes<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1988<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Life's Too Good</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">You Keep It All In<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The Beautiful South<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1989<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Welcome To The Beautiful South</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Sylvia<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Creeper Lagoon<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1997<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Creeper Lagoon</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Angels With Dirty Faces<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Los Lobos<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1993<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Just Another Band From East L.A. (Disc 2)</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Mustard<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Latin Playboys<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1999<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Dose</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Is It Wicked Not To Care?<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Belle & Sebastian<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1998<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The Boy With The Arab Strap</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Virginia Reel Around The Fountain<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The Halo Benders<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1998<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The Rebels Not In</span></p><p class="p4" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; min-height: 12px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></p><p class="p5" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; min-height: 13px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"><b></b></span><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"><b>Episode 11<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Europe and the UK (mostly 80s)</b></span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Into the Valley<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Skids<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1982<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Fanfare</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Upside Down<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The Jesus & Mary Chain<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1984<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>21 Singles</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Ask<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The Smiths<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1986<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Singles</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Just Like Heaven<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The Cure<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1987<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Kiss Me, Kiss Me, Kiss Me</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Collapsing New People<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Fad Gadget<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1985<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The Best of Fad Gadget</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Yü-Gung (Adrian Sherwood Remix)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Einstürzende Neubauten<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1985<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Halber Mensch</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">p:Machinery<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Propaganda<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1984<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>A Secret Wish</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Sympathy For The Devil (Dem Teufel Zugeneigt)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Laibach<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1990<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Sympathy For The Devil</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Headhunter<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Front 242<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1988<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Indie Top 20 Vol 6</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Human Behaviour<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Björk<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1993<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Debut</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Marcia Baila<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Les Rita Mitsouko<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1985<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Rita Mitsouko</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Fade To Grey<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Nouvelle Vague<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2006<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Bande à Part</span></p><p class="p5" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; min-height: 13px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"><b></b></span><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"><b>Episode 12<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Alternative 90s<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></b></span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Tonight I Fancy Myself<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The Beautiful South<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Choke<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1990</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Right Here, Right Now (righteous radio mix)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Jesus Jones<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Right Here, Right Now<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1990</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Yr Own World<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Blue Aeroplanes<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Beatsongs<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1991</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Grey Cell Green<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Ned's Atomic Dustbin<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>God Fodder<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1991</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Fortune Cookie Prize<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Beat Happening<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Dreamy<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1991</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Distopian Dream Girl<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Built To Spill<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>There's Nothing Wrong With Love<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1994</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Date With Ikea<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Pavement<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Brighten the Corners<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1997</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Line Song<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Shrimp Boat<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Cavale<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1993</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">All the Umbrellas in London<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The Magnetic Fields<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Get Lost<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1995</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Self-Esteem<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The Offspring<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Smash<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1994</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Loser<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Beck<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Mellow Gold<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1994</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">And Hiding Away<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The Innocence Mission<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Umbrella<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1991</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Fade into You<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Mazzy Star<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>So Tonight That I Might See<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1993</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Snare Girl<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Sonic Youth<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>A Thousand Leaves<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1998</span></p><p class="p4" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; min-height: 12px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></p><p class="p5" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; min-height: 13px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"><b></b></span><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"><b>Episode 13<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The New Millennium</b></span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Elephant Song<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Sky Cries Mary<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1992<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Exit At The Axis</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Carry the Zero<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Built to Spill<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1999<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Keep It Like a Secret</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Else<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Built to Spill<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1999<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Keep It Like a Secret</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Millenium Cars<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Keith Secola<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1999<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Fingermonkey</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Waitin' for a Superman (Is It Getting Heavy?)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The Flaming Lips<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1999<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The Soft Bulletin</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Georgia Lee<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Tom Waits<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1999<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Mule Variations</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">The Book of Love<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The Magnetic Fields<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1999<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>69 Love Songs (Box Set)</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">The Sailor In Love With The Sea (Featuring Gary Numan)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The 6ths<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2000<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Hyacinths and Thistles</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Bohemian Like You<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The Dandy Warhols<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2000<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Thirteen Tales from Urban Bohemia</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Balls<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Sparks<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2000<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Balls</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">The New You (Simon Raymonde Remix)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Departure Lounge<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2000<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Out Of There</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">The Littlest Birds<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The Be Good Tanyas<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2000<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Blue Horse</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Legal Man<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Belle & Sebastian<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2000<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Legal Man (EP)</span></p><p class="p5" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; min-height: 13px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"><b></b></span><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"><b>Episode 14<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The South (Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa)</b></span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Six Months In A Leaky Boat<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Split Enz<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1982<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>MIXOTHEQUE VOL. 1 - TALLY HO!</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Loving grapevine<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Jean-Paul Sartre Experience<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1986<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>MIXOTHEQUE VOL. 1 - TALLY HO!</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">The Crying Room<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>David Mitchell and Denise Roughan<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1996<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>MIXOTHEQUE VOL. 2 - FILLING A HOLE</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">The Record Store<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The Brunettes<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2004<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Mars Loves Venus</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Don't Change<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>INXS<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1983<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Shabooh Shoobah - INXS</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Right Here<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The Go-Betweens<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1987<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Tallulah</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Beds Are Burning<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Midnight Oil<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1987<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Diesel And Dust</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">I'm a Believer<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Anita Lane<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1993<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Dirty Pearl</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Morning Song<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The Babe Rainbow<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2019<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Today</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Beautiful Trash (feat. Megan Washington)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Lanu<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2011<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Beautiful Trash (feat. Megan Washington) - EP</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Down South (feat. Motheo Moleko)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Jeremy Loops<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2015<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Trading Change (Deluxe Edition)</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Bafana Bafana (South Africa)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Cop On the Edge<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2010<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Fast Forward: An Indie Music Companion to World Cup 2010</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Fire Is Low<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Freshlyground<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2010<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Radio Africa</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">The Sun<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The Naked And Famous<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2010<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Passive Me, Aggressive You</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Two Worlds Apart<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Purple Pilgrims<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2019<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Perfumed Earth</span></p><p class="p5" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; min-height: 13px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"><b></b></span><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"><b>Episode 15<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>New York City Indie & Alternative</b></span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Chinatown<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>4:42<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Luna<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Penthouse<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1995</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Forever Song<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2:30<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Mosquitos<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Mosquitos<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2003</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Museum of Idiots<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2:59<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>They Might Be Giants<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The Spine<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2004</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">You Only Live Once<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>3:05<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The Strokes<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>First Impressions Of Earth<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2005</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Don't Tell Them<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>3:20<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Paul Brill<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Harpooner<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2006</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Someone Great<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>6:30<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>LCD Soundsystem<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Sound of Silver<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2007</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Two Weeks<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>4:03<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Grizzly Bear<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Veckatimest<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2009</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Knotty Pine<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2:23<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Dirty Projectors & David Byrne<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Dark Was The Night: A Red Hot Compilation [Disc 1]<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2009</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Overlord<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2:40<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Dirty Projectors<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Windows Open<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2020</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Maps<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>3:35<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Yeah Yeah Yeahs<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Maps - Single<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2004</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">I Got the Moves<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1:45<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Habibi<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Habibi<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2014</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Give Me Just a Minute<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>4:03<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Computer Magic<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Davos<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2015</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Crying in the Sunshine<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>3:15<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Miniature Tigers<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>I Dreamt I Was A Cowboy<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2017</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Seventeen<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>4:26<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Sharon Van Etten<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Remind Me Tomorrow<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2019</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">A-Punk<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2:17<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Vampire Weekend<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Vampire Weekend<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2008</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Rich Man<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2:29<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Vampire Weekend<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Father of the Bride<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2019</span></p><p class="p5" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; min-height: 13px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"><b></b></span><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"><b>Episode 16<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>East Coast</b></span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Gigantic<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>3:55<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Pixies<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Surfer Rosa<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1988</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Live to Tell the Tale<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>5:16<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Passion Pit<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Chunk of Change<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2008</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Multi-Family Garage Sale (Bargain-Bin Mix)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>4:15<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Land of the Loops<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Bundle of Joy<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1996</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Yell It Out<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>3:36<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The Derevolutions<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The Derevolutions<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2015</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Art Isn't Real (City of Sin)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2:49<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Deer Tick<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>War Elephant<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2007</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Considering A Move To Memphis<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>6:42<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Colorblind James Experience, The<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The Colorblind James Experience<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1987</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">When I'm Small<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>4:09<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Phantogram<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Eyelid Movies (Bonus Track Version)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2009</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Not Too Soon<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>3:12<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Throwing Muses<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The Real Ramona<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1991</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Every Hour Here<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>3:27<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The Innocence Mission<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Umbrella<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1991</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Arpeggiator<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>4:41<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Fugazi<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>End Hits<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1998</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Shades of Blue<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2:51<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Yo La Tengo<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>There's a Riot Going On<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2018</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Shade And Honey<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>4:08<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Sparklehorse<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Dreamt For Light Years In The Belly Of A Mountain<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2006</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Easy<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>3:37<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Thao with The Get Down Stay Down<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Know Better Learn Faster<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2009</span></p><p class="p5" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; min-height: 13px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"><b></b></span><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"><b>Episode 17<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Canada</b></span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Anthems For a Seventeen Year Old Girl<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>4:36<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Broken Social Scene<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>You Forgot It In People<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2003</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Precious Metals<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2:18<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Russian Futurists<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Let's Get Ready To Crumble<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2003</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Haiti<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>4:07<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Arcade Fire<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Funeral<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2004</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Sing Me Spanish Techno<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>4:17<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The New Pornographers<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Twin Cinema<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2005</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Jamelia<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>4:00<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Caribou<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Swim<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2010</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">The Lamb<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>3:40<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Little Scream<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The Golden Record<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2011</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Montréal<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>3:33<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Ariane Moffatt<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Le cœur dans la tête<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2005</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Tourne encore<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>3:28<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Salomé Leclerc<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Sous les arbres<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2011</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Rêves d'été<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>3:52<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Laurence Nerbonne<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Rêves d'été - Single<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2015</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Da Dunda<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>4:01<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Slam Dunk<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Welcome To Miami<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2012</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Amerika<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>3:42<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Wintersleep<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The Great Detachment<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2016</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Utopia<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>4:00<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Austra<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Future Politics<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2017</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Saved by a Waif<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2:31<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Alvvays<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Antisocialites<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2017</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Texas<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2:58<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Jennifer Castle<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Angels of Death<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2018</span></p><p class="p4" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; min-height: 12px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></p><p class="p4" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; min-height: 12px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"><b>Episode 18<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Southern</b></span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Bales of Cocaine<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2:07<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Reverend Horton Heat<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The Full-Custom Gospel Sounds of the Reverend Horton Heat<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1993</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Deja Varoom (with broadcast intro)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2:35<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Southern Culture on the Skids<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Plastic Seat Sweat<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1997</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Song Against Sex<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>3:41<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Neutral Milk Hotel<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>On Avery Island<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1996</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">A Thousand Years<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2:40<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Azure Ray<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Burn and Shiver<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2002</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Id Engager<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>3:25<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Of Montreal<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Skeletal Lamping<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2008</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Ain't No Rest For The Wicked<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2:56<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Cage The Elephant<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Cage The Elephant<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2009</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Digging for Something<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>3:30<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Superchunk<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Majesty Shredding<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2010</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Slave to the South<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>3:15<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The Weeks<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Gutter Gaunt Gangster<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2011</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Can't Hold On<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>4:52<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The Black Lips<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Satan's Graffiti or God's Art?<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2017</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Becky<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>3:00<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Be Your Own Pet<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Get Damaged - EP<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2008</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Hungry Ghost<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>3:26<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Hurray for the Riff Raff<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The Navigator<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2017</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Do You Realize?<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>3:30<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The Flaming Lips<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Yoshimi Battles the Pink Robots<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2002</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Actor Out Of Work<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2:15<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>St. Vincent<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Actor (Amazon Exclusive)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2009</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Champaign, Illinois<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>3:25<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Old 97's<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The Grand Theatre Vol. 1<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2010</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Thoughts and Prayers<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>5:19<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Drive-By Truckers<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The Unraveling<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2020</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">War<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>3:06<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Waxahatchee<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Saint Cloud<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2020</span></p><p class="p4" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; min-height: 12px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"><b>Episode 19<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Midwestern</b></span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">My Pet Robot<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2:55<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The Pulsars<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Pulsars<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1997</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Milwaukee Sky Rocket<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>3:09<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Braid<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Frame and Canvas<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1998</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Can't Stand It<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>3:34<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Wilco<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Summerteeth<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1999</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Carin at the Liquor Store<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>3:23<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The National<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Sleep Well Beast<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2017</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Turtleneck<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2:56<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The National<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Sleep Well Beast<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2017</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">33 "GOD" <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>3:28<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Bon Iver<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>22, A Million<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2016</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Anthropocene<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>3:23<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Peter Oren<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Anthropocene<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2017</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Maria<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2:00<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Frances Luke Accord<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Maria - Single<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2018</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Takmit<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>3:05<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Saintseneca<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Dark Arc<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2014</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Trees We Couldn't Tell The Size Of<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>3:26<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>wished bone<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Sap Season<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2019</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">You Were Born<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2:34<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Cloud Cult<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Light Chasers<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2010</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Mississippi<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>4:02<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The Cactus Blossoms<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>You're Dreaming<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2016</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Concerning The UFO Sighting Near Highland, Illinois<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2:09<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Sufjan Stevens<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Come On Feel The Illinoise!<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2005</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Scythian Empires<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>4:35<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Andrew Bird<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Armchair Apocrypha<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2007</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">This Too Shall Pass<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>3:08<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>OK Go<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Of The Blue Colour Of The Sky<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2010</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Plenty Tough Union Made<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2:50<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The Waco Brothers<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The Scent<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2010</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">The Music in Movies. 1:52 Flunkie The Music in Movies 2021</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><br /></p><p class="p4" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; min-height: 12px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"><b>Episode 20<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Pacific Northwest</b></span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Every Iceburg Is Afire<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>3:48<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Sky Cries Mary<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>This Timeless Turning<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1995</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Wide Role<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>4:21<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Rose City Band<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Rose City Band<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2019</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">The Dandy Warhols' T.V. Theme Song<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2:50<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The Dandy Warhols<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Dandys Rule Ok<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1995</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Oakland<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>3:54<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The Genders<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Get Lost<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2013</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Stay<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2:53<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Doug Martsch<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Now You Know<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2002</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">One Chance<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>3:08<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Modest Mouse<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Good News For People Who Love Bad News<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2004</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Chinese Translation<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>4:00<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>M. Ward<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Post-War<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2006</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">No Sunlight<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2:40<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Death Cab For Cutie<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Narrow Stairs<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2008</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Helplessness Blues<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>5:03<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Fleet Foxes<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Helplessness Blues - Single<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2011</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Mystic Isle<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>3:30<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Jared Mees<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Life Is Long<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2017</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">The Rake's Song<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>3:16<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The Decemberists<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Hazards Of Love<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2009</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Goin' Against Your Mind<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>8:44<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Built To Spill<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>You In Reverse<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2006</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Aisle 13<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>3:20<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Built To Spill<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>There Is No Enemy<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2009</span></p><p class="p4" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; min-height: 12px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"><b>Episode 21<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>California (and Arizona / Nevada)</b></span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Buddy Holly<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2:39<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Weezer<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Weezer<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1994</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Jane Says<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>5:02<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Jane's Addiction<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Nothing's Shocking<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1988</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Letter From Belgium<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>3:16<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The Mountain Goats<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>We Shall All Be Healed<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2004</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Militia Song<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2:12<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Camper Van Beethoven<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>New Roman Times<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2004</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">My Family's Role In The World Revolution<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2:08<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Beirut<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Lon Gisland EP<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2007</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Short Skirt/Long Jacket<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>3:24<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Cake<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Comfort Eagle<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2002</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Palmreader<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>3:09<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Sonny & The Sunsets<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Antenna To the Afterworld<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2013</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Say Hey (I Love You) [feat. Cherine Anderson]<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>3:56<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Michael Franti & Spearhead<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>All Rebel Rockers<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2009</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Sometime Around Midnight<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>5:04<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The Airborne Toxic Event<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The Airborne Toxic Event (Deluxe Edition)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2009</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Simple Song<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>3:54<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The Shins<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Simple Song<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2012</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Ends of the Earth<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>4:47<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Lord Huron<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Ends of the Earth<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2013</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Bizness<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>4:24<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>tUnE-yArDs<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Bizness - Single<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2011</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Cloudlight<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>3:57<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Eskmo<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Eskmo<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2010</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Lazy Eye<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>5:54<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Silversun Pickups<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Carnavas<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2006</span></p><p class="p4" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; min-height: 12px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"><b>Episode 22<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>United Kingdom</b></span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Up On The Catwalk (2002 Digital Remaster)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>4:45<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Simple Minds<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Sparkle in the Rain<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1984</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">One Great Thing<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>4:04<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Big Country<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The Best Of Big Country<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1986</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Song To The Siren<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>3:30<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>This Mortal Coil<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>It'll End In Tears<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1984</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">You Trip Me Up<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2:26<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The Jesus & Mary Chain<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>21 Singles<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1985</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Do It Anyway<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2:41<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Woodentops<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Move Me 12"<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1985</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Sleep On The Left Side<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>4:06<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Cornershop<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>When I Was Born For The 7th Time<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1997</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">I Don't Love Anyone<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>3:57<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Belle & Sebastian<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Tigermilk<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1999</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Hit the North, Part 1<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>4:00<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The Fall<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>50,000 Fall Fans Can’t Be Wrong (39 Golden Greats)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2004</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Are Friends Electric? AllSaints Basement<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>7:23<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Gary Numan<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>AllSaints Basement Sessions Gary Numan<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2012</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Fireside<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>3:01<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Arctic Monkeys<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>AM<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2013</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Semicircle Song<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>3:27<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The Go! Team<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Semicircle<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2017</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">3WW<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>4:55<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Alt-J<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Relaxer<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2017</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Aside from Growing Old<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>3:39<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Cate Le Bon<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Rock Pool<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2017</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Shady Grove<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2:37<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Yola<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Walk Through Fire<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2019</span></p><p class="p4" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; min-height: 12px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"><b>Episode 23<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Europe</b></span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Með Blóðnasir<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2:19<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Sigur Rós<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Takk...<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2005</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Melt Down the Knives<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2:20<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Sin Fang Bous<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Clangour<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2009</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Dirty Paws<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>4:38<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Of Monsters and Men<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>My Head Is an Animal<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2012</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Young Folks<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>4:39<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Peter Bjorn and John<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Writer's Block<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2007</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Oh My God (feat. Iggy Pop)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>3:18<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Ida Maria<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Oh My God (feat. Iggy Pop) [Digital 45]<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2009</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">I Was Jesus<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2:40<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Hello Saferide<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The Fox, the Hunter and Hello Saferide<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2014</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Trouble in the Streets<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>4:17<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Goat<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Requiem<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2016</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Now We Start To See the Beauty<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>3:12<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Silver Firs<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Lake Hypoxia - EP<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2021</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Dry Dry Land (Portugal)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2:47<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Tap Tap<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Fast Forward: An Indie Music Companion to World Cup 2010<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2010</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Pas les saisons (Skydancers Remix)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>3:03<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Mina Tindle<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Pas les saisons (Skydancers Remix) - Single<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2015</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Les Moissons<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2:58<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Radio Elvis<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Les Conquêtes<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2016</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Lune est l'autre<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>3:54<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Vendredi sur Mer<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Marée basse - EP<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2017</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Easy<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>5:20<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Absynthe Minded<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Riddle of the Sphinx<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2019</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Берег (Shore)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>3:25<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Забавные Игры (Funny Games)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Берег - Single<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2019</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Издалека (Izdaleka)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>5:40<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Как Никогда (Kak Nikogda)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span> Издалека (Izdaleka) single<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2020</span></p><p class="p4" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; min-height: 12px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"><b>Episode 24<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Folk Revival</b></span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Fly Around My Pretty Little Miss<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2:45<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Built To Spill<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Ancient Melodies Of The Future<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2001</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Skinny Love<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>3:59<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Bon Iver<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>For Emma, Forever Ago<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2007</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">5 Years Time<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>3:32<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Noah & The Whale<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Peaceful, The World Lays Me Down<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2008</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Die<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1:07<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Iron & Wine<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Dark Was The Night: A Red Hot Compilation [Disc 1]<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2009</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">The Cave<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>3:38<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Mumford And Sons<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Sigh No More<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2009</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Another Saturday<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2:56<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Stuart Murdoch<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Dark Was The Night: A Red Hot Compilation [Disc 2]<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2009</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Starving Robins<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>3:21<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Horse Feathers<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Thistled Spring<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2010</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">From Finner<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>3:44<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Of Monsters and Men<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Into the Woods - EP<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2011</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Don't Try and Hide It<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>3:46<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The Dodos<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>No Color (Amazon MP3 Exclusive)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2011</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Ho Hey<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2:43<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The Lumineers<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Ho Hey - Indie Spotlight Free Download<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2012</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Lightning Bolt<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2:23<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Jake Bugg<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Lightning Bolt - Single<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2012</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Time to Run<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>5:27<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Lord Huron<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Ends of the Earth<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2012</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Over Your Roof<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2:40<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Frances Luke Accord<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Queen for Me - EP<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2014</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Visions<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>3:19<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Saintseneca<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Dark Arc<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2014</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Noah<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>3:54<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Amber Run<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>5AM<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2015</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Texas<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2:58<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Jennifer Castle<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Angels of Death<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2018</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">You Take Yours, I'll Take Mine<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>3:38<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Matthew Mole<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2013</span></p><p class="p4" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; min-height: 12px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNnZg2Ue_hfi5Xze4E60p8oBZlIvURcr7zEA2XyZWowaRQ85jVQUG5f2Rhyphenhyphenc_RbxydQEGmvFo9nd0rCLY7ElzOMJp6TT2vzItac7ne2Ibz0ffQaIQyt-6sT0q_6zBtIRVNSGEeEg/s600/Day+and+Night+-+Single.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="600" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNnZg2Ue_hfi5Xze4E60p8oBZlIvURcr7zEA2XyZWowaRQ85jVQUG5f2Rhyphenhyphenc_RbxydQEGmvFo9nd0rCLY7ElzOMJp6TT2vzItac7ne2Ibz0ffQaIQyt-6sT0q_6zBtIRVNSGEeEg/w200-h200/Day+and+Night+-+Single.jpg" width="200" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQuQSiWuYakRAs1QFF5AMgYDDnskghckvv8CEdEXHDdlwmuHrd3KvbgM1E8nbYTCz-SRAudtxLgKGkyzJ0cMZdkkasGYuRDvwpZf5upsamHBroJHbbAtfI94M5VxptTxX6fDqyaA/s600/World+World+World.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; 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margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="497" data-original-width="500" height="199" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhyVNXbb_ZlhimdSEZwpltrhlt8ESbKXcICXt-iYlqSJjoXzTsC34iyiIJ5G7IgB0_YcP-WYPQwQJYUXf_jPqJYg8fvtm7q4QAuBJ3oS56ge8VuBUXu8WkdDHezfp0OK9YKPC07ZQ/w200-h199/Out+Of+Tuva.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrXeQ5ZTd8mDagQ7QSbXN-aqZlBhE3Xp6493YUlgzd6Qjo5jj46pEHUxWLf-Tb8-_BqHry5nOFX2VMFVHGDxMhL7GIFr-tPAEdGppSUnaXaj0IFw-WbvWleRUMKaUxmEntZscEMw/s600/Neurobic.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="600" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrXeQ5ZTd8mDagQ7QSbXN-aqZlBhE3Xp6493YUlgzd6Qjo5jj46pEHUxWLf-Tb8-_BqHry5nOFX2VMFVHGDxMhL7GIFr-tPAEdGppSUnaXaj0IFw-WbvWleRUMKaUxmEntZscEMw/w200-h200/Neurobic.jpg" width="200" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQJ9Lrxh-88vocrGJs6eOIYYpXNrJQAwhGo86ZimyappSUe8InFkZZpJZKQPTVwIor58JcVYPrJVGxfwCEWicB_khZy7KkE4NY9vvY1gipo4bYjS1-TxSa6JE2C1EQJr7kTaCndA/s600/Anthology.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="600" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQJ9Lrxh-88vocrGJs6eOIYYpXNrJQAwhGo86ZimyappSUe8InFkZZpJZKQPTVwIor58JcVYPrJVGxfwCEWicB_khZy7KkE4NY9vvY1gipo4bYjS1-TxSa6JE2C1EQJr7kTaCndA/w200-h200/Anthology.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><br /></div><br /><p class="p4" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; min-height: 12px; text-indent: -36px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"><b>Episode 25<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>East Asia (Two Hour Special episode)<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></b></span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Linda Linda<span> 3:36 The Blue Hearts (Japan, 1987)</span></span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Pop Tune<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>3:17<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> Shonen Knife</span><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> (Japan, </span>2012)</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Kula Botanical Gardens<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>5:16<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Asao Kikuchi<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> (Japan, </span>2005)</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">S.O.I.D<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>7:06<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Buffalo Daughter<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> (Japan, </span>2003)</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">After Dark<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>3:12<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Asian Kung-Fu Generation<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> (Japan, </span>2007)</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Ruh Ruh <span> 3:21<span> Oddly (Japan, 2021)</span></span></span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Tanola Nomads<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>6:02<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Sainkho Namtchylak<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(Tuva<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;">, </span>1993)</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Bolamania<span style="white-space: pre;"> <span> </span></span>2:49<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Shaggydog <span> </span><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;">(Indonesia, </span>2016)</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Sail<span style="white-space: pre;"> <span> </span></span>5:23<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Hightime Rebellion <span> </span></span><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;">(Indonesia, </span>2017)</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;">Ang Huling el Bimbo<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>7:30 <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Eraserheads<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> (Philippines, </span>1995)</p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">I Am in A Period of Desperation <span> 4:24 <span> Hiperson (Chungdu, China, 2020)</span></span></span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"><span><span>You don't Sacrifice Your Innocence Here <span> 7:06 <span> Hiperson <span> (Chungdu, China, 2015)</span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">You Turn My Face to Another Day <span> 7:08 <span> </span></span>Hiperson & FAZI<span><span> (China, 2019)</span></span></span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"><span><span>Ma Yang <span> 3:42 <span> FAZI (Xi'an, China, 2019)</span></span></span></span></span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">The Second Dream<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>5:49<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>City Flanker<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> (Shaoxing, China, </span>2018)</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">石庙中的风 <span> 4:08 <span> </span></span>Gatsby in a Daze <span> (Hangzhou, China, 2020)</span></span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"><span>青春著 3:37 張承 (Beijing, China, 2021)</span></span></p><p class="p3" style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-family: Helvetica Neue; font-kerning: none; font-size: 11px;">風和日麗 天氣晴 <span> 4:04 <span> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue;"><span style="font-size: 11px;">自然捲 <span> (Taiwan, 2005)</span></span></span></p><p class="p3" style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue;"><span style="font-size: 11px;">寶貝 (In a Day) <span> Deserts Chang <span> (Taiwan, 2006)</span></span></span></span></p><p class="p3" style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue;"><span style="font-size: 11px;">這是因為我們能感到疼痛 <span> Tizzy Bac <span> (Taiwan, 2013)</span></span></span></span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Messi<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>4:18<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> <span> </span></span>The Fur.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span> (Taiwan, 2018)</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-family: Helvetica Neue; font-kerning: none; font-size: 11px;">暸解一切 <span> Bob Is Tired <span> (Taiwan, 2020)</span></span></span></p><p class="p3" style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-family: Helvetica Neue; font-kerning: none; font-size: 11px;"><span><span>Thunder. Pop <span> 4:34 Mong Tong (Taiwan, 2020)</span></span></span></span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"><br /></span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"><b>Episode 26<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>More Bands that were Influential</b></span></p><p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">Banned in D.C.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2:13<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Bad Brains<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Bad Brains<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1982</span></p><p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">Rise Above<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2:27<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Black Flag<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Damaged<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1981</span></p><p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">In This House That I Call Home<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>3:34<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>X<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Los Angeles/Wild Gift<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1988</span></p><p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">Revolve<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>4:45<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Melvins<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Stoner Witch<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1994</span></p><p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">Up on the Sun<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>4:16<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The Meat Puppets<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Up on the Sun<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1985</span></p><p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">Never Said (Remastered)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>3:16<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Liz Phair<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Exile In Guyville<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1993</span></p><p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">Have You Forgotten<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>6:13<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Red House Painters<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Songs for a Blue Guitar<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1996</span></p><p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">Between the Bars<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2:21<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Elliott Smith<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Either/Or<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1997</span></p><p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">He Lays In the Reins<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>3:44<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Calexico & Iron & Wine<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>In the Reins<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2005</span></p><p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">Ten-Day Interval<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>4:45<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Tortoise<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>TNT<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1998</span></p><p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">Good to Sea<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>3:12<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Pinback<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Autumn of the Seraphs<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2007</span></p><p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">Undoing a Luciferian Towers<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>7:47<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Godspeed You! Black Emperor<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Luciferian Towers<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2017</span></p><p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">Ariel Ramirez<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2:18<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Richard Buckner<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Since<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1998</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"></span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"></span></p><p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">Rossignol<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>3:31<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The Sea and Cake<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The Fawn<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1997</span></p><div><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;"><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"><b>Episode 27<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Garage and Lo-Fi</b></span></p></span><p class="p3" style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue;"><span style="font-size: 11px;">Have Love Will Travel<span> 2:40<span> The Sonics<span> Have Love Will Travel <span> 1965</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p class="p3" style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue;"><span style="font-size: 11px;"><span><span><span></span></span></span>96 Tears<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2:56<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>? and the Mysterians<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Cameo Parkway - The Best of ? & The Mysterians, 1966-1967<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1966</span></span></p><p class="p3" style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue;"><span style="font-size: 11px;">Splash 1<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>3:56<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>13th Floor Elevators<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The Psychedelic World of the 13th Floor Elevators (Vol. 1)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1967</span></span></p><p class="p3" style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue;"><span style="font-size: 11px;">I Walked with a Zombie<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2:42<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Roky Erickson & The Aliens<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The Evil One<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1981</span></span></p><p class="p3" style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue;"><span style="font-size: 11px;">I Think of Demons<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2:44<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Roky Erickson<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The Evil One<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1981</span></span></p><p class="p3" style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue;"><span style="font-size: 11px;">Shake Some Action<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>4:33<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Flamin' Groovies<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Shake Some Action<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1976</span></span></p><p class="p3" style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue;"><span style="font-size: 11px;">Chinese Rocks<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2:54<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Johnny Thunders & The Heartbreakers<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>L.A.M.F. (The Lost '77 Mixes) [Special Edition]<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1977</span></span></p><p class="p3" style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue;"><span style="font-size: 11px;">Do The Pop<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2:36<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Radio Birdman<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The Essential Radio Birdman (1974-1978)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1977</span></span></p><p class="p3" style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue;"><span style="font-size: 11px;">All This and More<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2:47<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Dead Boys<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Young, Loud and Snotty<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1977</span></span></p><p class="p3" style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue;"><span style="font-size: 11px;">Last Night<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2:38<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The Scientists<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The Scientists E.P.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1979</span></span></p><p class="p3" style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue;"><span style="font-size: 11px;">All Kindsa Girls<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>4:57<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Real Kids<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>I Hate CDs: Norton Records 45 RPM Singles Collection, Vol. 1<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1983</span></span></p><p class="p3" style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue;"><span style="font-size: 11px;">Billy's Dead<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2:48<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Deadbolts<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Voodoobilly<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1994</span></span></p><p class="p3" style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue;"><span style="font-size: 11px;">Heat Seeker<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1:01<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The Rip Offs<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Got a Record<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1994</span></span></p><p class="p3" style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue;"><span style="font-size: 11px;">Woo Hoo<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2:02<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The 5.6.7.8's<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Bomb the Twist - EP<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1996</span></span></p><p class="p3" style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue;"><span style="font-size: 11px;">Human Tornado<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1:47<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Teengenerate<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Get Action!<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1994</span></span></p><p class="p3" style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue;"><span style="font-size: 11px;">The Messerschmitt Pilot's Severed Hand<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2:24<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Thee Headcoats<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The Messerschmitt Pilot's Severed Hand<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1998</span></span></p><p class="p3" style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue;"><span style="font-size: 11px;">Jukebox Lean<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2:36<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>New Bomb Turks<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Scared Straight<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1996</span></span></p><p class="p3" style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue;"><span style="font-size: 11px;">Give Up<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1:31<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Pagans<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The Blue Album<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2008</span></span></p><p class="p3" style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span style="font-size: 11px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-family: Helvetica Neue; font-kerning: none;"></span></span></p><p class="p3" style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue;"><span style="font-size: 11px;">Jupiter Jazz<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>3:28<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Milkshakes<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Juvenilia<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2016</span></span></p><p class="p3" style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue;"><span style="font-size: 11px;"><br /></span></span></p></div><p class="p4" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; min-height: 12px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"><b>Episode 28<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span> Ambient and Quiet Alternative<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></b></span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Dockland<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2:06<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>China Crisis<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Working with Fire and Steel<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1983</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Kokoku<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>7:08<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Laurie Anderson<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Mister Heartbreak<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1984</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Océan Rain<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>5:13<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Echo & The Bunnymen<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Ocean Rain<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1984</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Help Me Lift You Up<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>5:06<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>This Mortal Coil<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Blood<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1991</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Green Arrow<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>5:39<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Yo La Tengo<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>I Can Hear the Heart Beating as One<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1997</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Rebels Got A Hole In It<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>6:05<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The Halo Benders<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The Rebels Not In<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1998</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">I Believe in You (1997 Remaster)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>6:03<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Talk Talk<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Spirit Of Eden<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1993</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Ce matin-là<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>3:39<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Air<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Moon Safari<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1998</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Raining in Athens<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>4:10<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Azure Ray<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Burn and Shiver<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2002</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Yawny at the Apocalypse<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>3:39<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Andrew Bird<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Armchair Apocrypha<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2007</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Star Roving<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>5:39<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Slowdive<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Slowdive<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2017</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"><br /></span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><br /></p><div><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"><span><span><span><span><b>Episode 29 Maybe a rockabilly and surf music episode?</b></span></span></span></span></span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">I Need Your Love Tonight<span> 2:39<span> </span></span> DiMaggio Brothers</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"><span><span><span><span>Black Dress<span> 2:18<span> </span>Jerry Lee Merritt<span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span>Black Slacks<span> 2:08<span> Joe Bennett & The Sparkletones</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span>Go Little Go Cat 2:39<span> The Four Teens</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Mrs. Marquitory's Daughter<span> 2:46<span> Dale Hawkins</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Speak to Me Baby<span> 2:15<span> Werly Fairburn</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Rebel Rouser<span> 2:26<span> Duane Eddy</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>She's Sexy & 17<span> 3:31<span> Stray Cats</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Walter Mitty Blues<span> 2:01<span> The Meteors</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Veronica<span> 3:37<span> Ronnie Dawson</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;">Take a Razor to Your Head<span> 2:10<span> The Sharks</span></span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span><span>Ghost on the Highway<span> 2:47<span> The Gun Club</span></span></span></span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span><span><span><span>Wipe Out<span> 2:38<span> The Surfaris</span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span><span>Miserlou<span> 2:07<span> Agent Orange</span></span></span><br /></span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Pipeline<span> 2:23<span> Johnny Thunders</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Nightmare Fantasy (Held Down To...) <span> 2:49<span> Guana Batz</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Hombre Secreto<span> 1:49<span> The Plugz</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Ring of Fire<span> 3:51<span> Social Distortion</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Viva Las Vegas<span> 2:42<span> Dead Kennedys</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p></div><div><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"><b><br /></b></span></p><p class="p4" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; min-height: 12px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"><b>Episode 30<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Encore Episode with Bands that were left out of the first 29 episodes </b></span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Mr. Jones<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>4:03<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The Psychedelic Furs<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Talk Talk Talk<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1980</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Senses Working Overtime<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>4:34<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>XTC<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Upsy Daisy Assortment<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1982</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">All We Ever Wanted Was Everything<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>3:53<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Bauhaus<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The Sky's Gone Out<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1982</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Blister In The Sun<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2:26<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Violent Femmes<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Permanent Record: The Very Best Of The Violent Femmes<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1983</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Waterfall (Remastered)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>4:39<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The Stone Roses<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The Stone Roses (Remastered)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1989</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Authority<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>4:51<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Mekons<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Curse of the Mekons<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1991</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">What Time is Love?<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>3:42<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The K.L.F.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The White Room<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1991</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">You're Pretty Good Looking (For a Girl)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1:50<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The White Stripes<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>De Stijl<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2000</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Time for Heroes<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2:40<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The Libertines. <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Up the Bracket<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2002</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">First Love<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>3:04<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The Maccabees<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Colour It In<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2006</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">The Underdog<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>3:42<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Spoon<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Ga Ga Ga Ga Ga (Bonus Track Version)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2007</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">We Share the Same Skies<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>3:15<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The Cribs<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Ignore the Ignorant (Deluxe Version)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2009</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Put Your Number in My Phone<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2:53<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Ariel Pink<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Pom Pom<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2014</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Dominique Laboubee<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2:24<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The Fleshtones<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>I Surrender! - Single<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2015</span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Sparrow<span> 5:12<span> Big Thief<span> Little Things / Sparrow<span> 2021</span></span></span></span></span></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><br /></p><p class="p3" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"><br /></span></p><p class="p4" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36px; min-height: 12px; text-indent: -36px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></p>Eric Hadley-Iveshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07349423480178819276noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19990974.post-34071922927944936372021-10-06T22:35:00.018-07:002021-10-15T23:39:04.890-07:00 Playlist for a 30-episode series introducing the history of rock and roll and western popular music<p>This is my idea for a thirty-episode series of radio episodes or podcasts introducing the history of rock and roll and associated genres to an audience in Taiwan/China/Hong Kong. I am trying to think of significant and influential music, a few obscure songs here and there, and program episodes that often have themes. I do not like all this music, but I include some songs that are significant or representative examples that could be included to give someone unfamiliar with the history of Anglo-American popular music in the late 20th and early 21st century a well-rounded introduction to the genre.</p><p>Comments and suggestions would be appreciated.</p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0IL1sqLD0qSA-9FTiQE9fTLQYmsbdq-6AUZubU6IkpY_BznfBE23RmGxGgbGBoztZb6FS2NSM6reV_xXtXS_Qhmb_WisHZBO4TT8zbaXYouLl3Q1FlIp_ifUmWGrdNNCCEvgDjA/s600/The+Decca+Singles%252C+Vol.+1.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="600" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0IL1sqLD0qSA-9FTiQE9fTLQYmsbdq-6AUZubU6IkpY_BznfBE23RmGxGgbGBoztZb6FS2NSM6reV_xXtXS_Qhmb_WisHZBO4TT8zbaXYouLl3Q1FlIp_ifUmWGrdNNCCEvgDjA/w200-h200/The+Decca+Singles%252C+Vol.+1.jpg" width="200" /></a></span><p></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Program 1:<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Dark Was the Night, Cold Was the Ground,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>3:19,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Blind Willie Johnson,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1927</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Cross Road Blues,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2:40,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Robert Johnson,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1936</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Key To The Highway,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>3:01,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Big Bill Broonzy,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1940</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Hard Day Blues,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2:51,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Muddy Waters,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1946</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">A Night In Tunisia,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>3:05,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Dizzy Gillespie & Dizzy Gillespie and His Orchestra,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1946</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Bloomdido,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>3:30,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Charlie Parker & Dizzy Gillespie,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1954</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Boogie Chillen',<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2:17,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>John Lee Hooker,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1948</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">House Rent Boogie (Alternate Version),<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2:51,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>John Lee Hooker,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1951</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">That's All Right (Single Version),<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2:50,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Jimmy Rogers,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1950</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Shout, Sister, Shout!,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2:42,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Sister Rosetta Tharpe & Lucky Millinder and His Orchestra,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1945</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Didn't It Rain,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2:34,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Sister Rosetta Tharpe & The Sammy Price Trio,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1947</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">I Will Move On Up A Little Higher,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>5:28,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Mahalia Jackson,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1948</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Keep A Knockin' (But You Can't Come In),<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2:33,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Louis Jordan & His Tympani Five,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1939</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Run Joe,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>3:24,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Louis Jordan & His Tympani Five,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1948</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Hip-Billy Boogie,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2:32,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Les Paul, Mary Ford,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2009</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">You Are My Sunshine,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2:51,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Jimmie Davis,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1940</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">I'm So Lonesome I Could Cry,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2:49,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Hank Williams,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1949</span></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"></span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_y9oWbKyvrWrIvefGw8IcyFXkmX4RW6l1vZ-ShYBq9wKcPAULs804ulTxu06evs5YXA5PkIueEWyQM7BetjdsWi8fM9uXhKC98m-bua_vrA9OaXS9JNqpT21mU9ZP1BLde7yxAQ/s1123/71eXEFleu0L._SL1123_.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1114" data-original-width="1123" height="198" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_y9oWbKyvrWrIvefGw8IcyFXkmX4RW6l1vZ-ShYBq9wKcPAULs804ulTxu06evs5YXA5PkIueEWyQM7BetjdsWi8fM9uXhKC98m-bua_vrA9OaXS9JNqpT21mU9ZP1BLde7yxAQ/w200-h198/71eXEFleu0L._SL1123_.jpg" width="200" /></a></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Program 2:</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Blueberry Hill,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2:21,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Fats Domino</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Rich Woman,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2:39,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Fats Domino</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Bo Diddley,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2:27,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Bo Diddley</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Hey! Bo Diddley,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2:14,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Bo Diddley</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Shake, Rattle and Roll,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>3:00,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Big Joe Turner</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">(We're Gonna) Rock Around The Clock (Single Version),<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2:12,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Bill Haley & The Comets</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Johnny B Good,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2:41,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Chuck Berry</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Brown-Eyed Handsome Man,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2:16,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Chuck Berry</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">HeartBreak Hotel,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2:06,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Elvis Presley</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Hound Dog,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2:15,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Elvis Presley</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Not Fade Away,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2:24,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Buddy Holly & The Crickets</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">That'll Be The Day,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2:18,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Buddy Holly & The Crickets</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">White Lightning,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2:17,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The Big Bopper</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Long Tall Sally,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2:07,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Little Richard</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Rip It Up,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2:21,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Little Richard</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">You Send Me,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2:45,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Sam Cooke</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Down Yonder (We Go Ballin'),<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2:59,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Smiley Lewis</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Whole Lot Of Shakin' Going On,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2:52,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Jerry Lee Lewis</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Over the Mountain, Across the Sea,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2:18,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Johnnie & Joe</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Don't Be Angry,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2:27,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Nappy Brown</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Little Bitty Pretty One,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2:23,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Thurston Harris</span></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigcYtU-9KAB6aE33tVJ3uWXEwZwYBW_8qFbBHI_6DNeM8Wr1YsbZnVfiZ9g2xnwxkVoXzXwjNvCVegF9gdnmNP-5Pnzo_Uja9-FpejkHQH026Yx1EJkUEU7-G6K24cynccbsR4Bg/s600/Surfer%2527s+Choice.jpg" style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="600" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigcYtU-9KAB6aE33tVJ3uWXEwZwYBW_8qFbBHI_6DNeM8Wr1YsbZnVfiZ9g2xnwxkVoXzXwjNvCVegF9gdnmNP-5Pnzo_Uja9-FpejkHQH026Yx1EJkUEU7-G6K24cynccbsR4Bg/w200-h200/Surfer%2527s+Choice.jpg" width="200" /></a></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Program 3:</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Just Walking In The Rain,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2:37,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Johnnie Ray,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1956</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Blue Suede Shoes,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2:16,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Carl Perkins,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1956</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">A White Sport Coat (And A Pink Carnation),<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2:31,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Marty Robbins,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1957</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Tequila,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2:16,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The Champs,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1958</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Sea Cruise,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2:44,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Frankie Ford,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1959</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Bongo Rock,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2:08,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Preston Epps,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1959</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Black Cat (Mono with Overdubs) (1960),<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2:14,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Tommy Collins,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1960</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Alley Oop (Remastered),<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2:46,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The Hollywood Argyles,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1960</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Teen Angel (Remastered),<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2:44,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Mark Dinning,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1960</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Twist And Shout,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2:29,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The Isley Brothers,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1962</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Duke Of Earl,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2:20,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Gene Chandler,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1962</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Runaway,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2:18,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Del Shannon,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1962</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Let's Go Trippin',<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2:12,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Dick Dale & His Del-Tones,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1962</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Misirlou,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2:15,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Dick Dale,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1962</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">('Til) I Kissed You,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2:24,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The Everly Brothers,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1964</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">You're Gonna Miss Me,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2:29,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Roky Erickson,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1966</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">I Fought The Law,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2:20,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The Bobby Fuller Four,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1966</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">You Keep Me Hangin' On,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>3:02,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Vanilla Fudge,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1967</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Born To Be Wild,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>3:30,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Steppenwolf,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1968</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Piece Of My Heart,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>4:59,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Janis Joplin,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1969. (her performance at Woodstock)</span></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"><br /></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2j-Gx8FM0QO9LwTZJ8qsIyG97kw5HMweV_nS8khlmXWJmGPCSYyzDfymfub4q2ETQUblPw-S5GxdUBBXDdIgCmnCcl8hR2iLGYehGBMvn4x5ejlLQD5t8Isw2dZg3xPtgYiqJ-Q/s500/thekinkkronikles10.jpg" style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="482" data-original-width="500" height="193" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2j-Gx8FM0QO9LwTZJ8qsIyG97kw5HMweV_nS8khlmXWJmGPCSYyzDfymfub4q2ETQUblPw-S5GxdUBBXDdIgCmnCcl8hR2iLGYehGBMvn4x5ejlLQD5t8Isw2dZg3xPtgYiqJ-Q/w200-h193/thekinkkronikles10.jpg" width="200" /></a></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Program 4:</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Memphis Tennessee, rcd 24 June for 29 June 1963 broadcast, Saturday Club,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2:20,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The Beatles,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1963</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">A Hard Day's Night,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2:33,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The Beatles,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1964</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">How Do You Do It?,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1:55,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Gerry & The Pacemakers,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1964</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Needles And Pins,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2:14,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The Searchers,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1963</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Catch The Wind,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2:17,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Donovan,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1965</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">All Day And All Of The Night,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2:23,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The Kinks,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1964</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Waterloo Sunset,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>3:10,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The Kinks,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1967</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Satisfaction,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>3:45,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The Rolling Stones,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1965</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Bus Stop,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2:54,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The Hollies,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1966</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">I Dig Everything,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2:44,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>David Bowie,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1966</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Winchester Cathedral,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2:28,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>New Vaudeville Band,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1966</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Here Comes My Baby,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2:47,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The Tremeloes,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1967</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Tuesday Afternoon,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>4:53,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The Moody Blues,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1967</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Sunshine Of Your Love,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>4:12,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Cream,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1967</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Shapes Of Things,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2:28,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The Yardbirds,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1967</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Pictures Of Matchstickmen,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>3:11,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The Status Quo,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1968</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">I See The Rain,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>3:49,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The Marmalade,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1968</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Time of the Season,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>3:40,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The Zombies,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1968</span></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"></span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOErfmuGnYlYB4fs6OOE33F4InV_5KW5lQ5IrY_pdYOqFWvO0nLbBtWjfELR7hdrBgiF-zMwTJ2AWVyBCmH1KSfQ_orX38JqvHu8ymjFleoGpOUfQRgEuYQWqji1lla8aSGXpOXg/s600/Da+Doo+Ron+Ron+-+The+Very+Best+of+the+Crystals.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="600" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOErfmuGnYlYB4fs6OOE33F4InV_5KW5lQ5IrY_pdYOqFWvO0nLbBtWjfELR7hdrBgiF-zMwTJ2AWVyBCmH1KSfQ_orX38JqvHu8ymjFleoGpOUfQRgEuYQWqji1lla8aSGXpOXg/w200-h200/Da+Doo+Ron+Ron+-+The+Very+Best+of+the+Crystals.jpg" width="200" /></a></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Program 5</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Mr. Lee,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2:16,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The Bobbettes</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">The Book of Love,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2:18,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The Monotones</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Get a Job,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2:50,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The Silhouettes</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">I Only Have Eyes for You</span>,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> 3:22</span>,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> The Flamingos</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Let Me In,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>3:01,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The Sensations</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Runaround Sue,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2:40,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Dion</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Sherry,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2:32,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The Four Seasons</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Be My Baby,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2:41,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The Ronettes</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Then He Kissed Me,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2:39,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The Crystals</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">My Girl,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2:59,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The Temptations</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Stop! In The Name Of Love,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2:52,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The Supremes</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Dancing In the Street,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2:41,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Martha Reeves & The Vandellas</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">The Tracks of My Tears,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2:58,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Smokey Robinson & The Miracles</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">What's Going On?,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>3:52,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Marvin Gaye</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Proud Mary</span>,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> 4:58</span>,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> Ike & Tina Turner</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Kung Fu Fighting,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> 3:20</span>,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> Carl Douglas</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Rock On</span>,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> 3:24</span>,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> David Essex</span></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgshL1JWY5StRbbwrarPpOf05rp1WMvhBZvpeg3kAas0N5bprmawBBfyhy1WdGDyWt-6Uk1XSxDNwcfNaUiBMRGoKbwROk_kPqLaQn1RSCIljmEK0gtgOHoZDuUbfN6mnBio8hIZg/s640/areathrespect.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="634" data-original-width="640" height="198" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgshL1JWY5StRbbwrarPpOf05rp1WMvhBZvpeg3kAas0N5bprmawBBfyhy1WdGDyWt-6Uk1XSxDNwcfNaUiBMRGoKbwROk_kPqLaQn1RSCIljmEK0gtgOHoZDuUbfN6mnBio8hIZg/w200-h198/areathrespect.jpg" width="200" /></a></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Program 6</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Respect,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2:26,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Aretha Franklin,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1967</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">(Sittin' On) The Dock Of The Bay,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2:44,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Otis Redding,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1968</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">People Get Ready,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2:39,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The Impressions,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1965</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Superstition (Single Version),<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>4:08,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Stevie Wonder,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1972</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Everyday People,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2:21,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Sly & The Family Stone,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1968</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Use Ta Be My Girl,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>3:18,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The O'Jays,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1972</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Midnight Train to Georgia (Single Version),<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>3:57,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Gladys Knight & The Pips,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1973</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Brick House (Extended Version),<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>3:33,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The Commodores,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1977</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Celebration (Single Version),<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>4:59,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Kool & The Gang,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1980</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Endless Love (Endless Love Soundtrack Version),<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>4:26,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Lionel Richie & Diana Ross,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1981</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Waterfalls,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>4:40,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>TLC,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1994</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Ascension (Don't Ever Wonder) [Remastered 2021],<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>5:46,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Maxwell,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1996</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Crazy in Love (feat. Jay-Z),<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>3:56,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Beyoncé,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2003</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Everything Is Gonna Be Alright,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>4:08,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Infinity Song,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2020</span></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"></span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCEyLkHFZ9svWD9Q0nTHEU9le0AgC3O4aV1ETfTbI5aO9xAarFPTLuLfjeg6n1uNEa6MUROgWJtZ-mNOiKdc22mXhktRCJm6LFkHhsmW-XDOXwU7IWH7NUIt-luPqegxE7bilO4w/s400/61614335_001_m.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="400" data-original-width="400" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCEyLkHFZ9svWD9Q0nTHEU9le0AgC3O4aV1ETfTbI5aO9xAarFPTLuLfjeg6n1uNEa6MUROgWJtZ-mNOiKdc22mXhktRCJm6LFkHhsmW-XDOXwU7IWH7NUIt-luPqegxE7bilO4w/w200-h200/61614335_001_m.jpeg" width="200" /></a></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Program 7:</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">The River Is Wide,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>3:38,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Kingston Trio</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">If I Had A Hammer (The Hammer Song),<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2:12,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Peter, Paul & Mary</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Leaving On A Jet Plane,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>3:28,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Peter, Paul & Mary</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Girl From The North Country,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>3:23,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Dylan, Bob (1941- )</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Like A Rolling Stone,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>6:14,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Dylan, Bob (1941- )</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Turn! Turn! Turn! (To Everything There Is A Season),<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>3:55,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The Byrds</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">California Dreamin',<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2:41,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The Mamas & The Papas</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Jug Band Music,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2:53,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The Lovin' Spoonful</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Georgy Girl,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2:17,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The Seekers</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Those Were The Days,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>3:13,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The Limelighters with Glenn Yarbrough</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">San Francisco (Be Sure To Wear Flowers In Your Hair),<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>3:02,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Scott McKenzie</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Cherish,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>3:25,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The Association</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Sir Patrick Spens (BBC Session - Top Gear 27/9/69),<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>3:45,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Fairport Convention</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Farewell, Farewell,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2:40,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Fairport Convention</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">The Misty Coast of Albany,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1:43,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Marc Bolan & T.Rex</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">The Mountain,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>4:15,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Derroll Adams</span></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1gVp98KZtkjQX86xWkruQnBR8xV5fIw6d69jLVI6oQ1QagninIX33Tyy_ojP-Tx03xxNqTipThCAFFrHZHNPc6GKAsh6D2YTOV2TqTu0rG-VXHslTqhfdMSFRO8GxPs5s9Fs7iQ/s600/Greatest+Hits_+Straight+Up+%2528Remastered%2529.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="600" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1gVp98KZtkjQX86xWkruQnBR8xV5fIw6d69jLVI6oQ1QagninIX33Tyy_ojP-Tx03xxNqTipThCAFFrHZHNPc6GKAsh6D2YTOV2TqTu0rG-VXHslTqhfdMSFRO8GxPs5s9Fs7iQ/w200-h200/Greatest+Hits_+Straight+Up+%2528Remastered%2529.jpg" width="200" /></a></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Program 8:</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">I Got You (I Feel Good),<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2:48,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>James Brown & The Famous Flames,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1964</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Papa's Got A Brand New Bag (Pt. 1),<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2:08,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>James Brown,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1965</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Thank You (Falettinme Be Mice Elf Agin) [Single Version],<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>4:51,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Sly & The Family Stone,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1970</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Funkiest Man Alive,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>7:46,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Rufus Thomas,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1973</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Pick Up the Pieces,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>4:00,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Average White Band,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1974</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Don't Stop 'Til You Get Enough (Single Version),<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>5:51,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Jackson, Michael (1958-2009),<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1979</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">More Bounce to the Ounce,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>5:12,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Zapp & Roger,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1980</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Super Freak,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>3:25,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Rick James,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1981</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Atomic Dog,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>4:46,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>George Clinton,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1982</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">When Doves Cry,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>3:48,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Prince,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1984</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Word Up!,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>4:20,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Cameo,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1986</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Uptown Funk (feat. Bruno Mars),<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>4:30,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Mark Ronson,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2015</span></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0ZSeu2PavaFM5B_S-9MNp04ETNhUy1swRlrivYvzPfFjBAbNC6aOCj8v-xrXvT4iNJk4lcLJJkigGQEsZDCK2JhZf5I3t1qtmpSqAI71YOvArOlASxu6rXk301yJl_OwRcFcJhw/s600/Best+Of+The+Youngbloods.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="600" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0ZSeu2PavaFM5B_S-9MNp04ETNhUy1swRlrivYvzPfFjBAbNC6aOCj8v-xrXvT4iNJk4lcLJJkigGQEsZDCK2JhZf5I3t1qtmpSqAI71YOvArOlASxu6rXk301yJl_OwRcFcJhw/w200-h200/Best+Of+The+Youngbloods.jpg" width="200" /></a></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Program 9:<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">White Rabbit,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2:35,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Jefferson Airplane,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1965</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Riders On The Storm,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>7:11,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The Doors,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1971</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">She Said She Said,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2:37,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The Beatles,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1966</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">She's A Rainbow,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>4:35,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The Rolling Stones,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1967</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Every Christian Lion Hearted Man Will Show You (Stereo Version),<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>3:37,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Bee Gees,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1967</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Get Together,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>4:36,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The Youngbloods,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1967</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Crimson And Clover,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>5:12,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Tommy James & The Shondells,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1968</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Eight Miles High,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>3:36,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The Byrds,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1966</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Third Stone From The Sun,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>6:44,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The Jimi Hendrix Experience,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1967</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">A Minha Menina,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>4:43,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Os Mutantes,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1968</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Fearless,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>6:08,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Pink Floyd,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1971</span></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"></span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-uOeFEQWEHkpYolEFVyHJQDt_LcslVw4B8tQy7J7g6WHi64OoB-pOUEy0MkZplmLkoW6nVkYieAbx9wLl5Js9UL1iYOsxnuOmZAkETuY_0zxXNfpczENYUmXTuVAhUGEYwuXCvA/s1200/2RUBJXC2EZHP3JSQVG2HI3QIOM.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1180" data-original-width="1200" height="197" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-uOeFEQWEHkpYolEFVyHJQDt_LcslVw4B8tQy7J7g6WHi64OoB-pOUEy0MkZplmLkoW6nVkYieAbx9wLl5Js9UL1iYOsxnuOmZAkETuY_0zxXNfpczENYUmXTuVAhUGEYwuXCvA/w200-h197/2RUBJXC2EZHP3JSQVG2HI3QIOM.jpg" width="200" /></a></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Program 10:<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Shawnee Town,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>3:50,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Martin Simpson,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1820s</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Jeanie With The Light Brown Hair,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>3:21,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Roger McGuinn,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1854</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Cumberland Gap,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2:36,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The Union Confederacy,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1890s or 1900s</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">If I Were A Carpenter (with June Carter Cash),<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2:59,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Cash, Johnny (1932-2003),<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1970</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Love Is Worth Living For,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>3:19,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Tom Irwin,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2017</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">China Cat Sunflower (1972 Paris),<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>5:32,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The Grateful Dead,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1972</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">The Eleven,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>6:40,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Grateful Dead,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1968</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">The Golden Road (to unlimited devotion),<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2:12,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Grateful Dead,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1974</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">In Memory of Elizabeth Reed,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>12:34,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The Allman Brothers,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1971</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Crosseyed and Painless,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>10:00,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Phish,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1996</span></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"></span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAx8i4A31K0w_UEpqzHWK0ra55tU3WTj5cRQZSfxd0Gd4IPuo3BL2iWt60OvVol3crXxTSP6r4D9yL5U-8_HSRCkWC_8x3-HO5PDYL9S1bu2YPQ0z-wxtL-01yKRP9XNKcRKTkOQ/s600/Come+and+See+the+Show+-+The+Best+of+Emerson+Lake+%2526+Palmer.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="600" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAx8i4A31K0w_UEpqzHWK0ra55tU3WTj5cRQZSfxd0Gd4IPuo3BL2iWt60OvVol3crXxTSP6r4D9yL5U-8_HSRCkWC_8x3-HO5PDYL9S1bu2YPQ0z-wxtL-01yKRP9XNKcRKTkOQ/w200-h200/Come+and+See+the+Show+-+The+Best+of+Emerson+Lake+%2526+Palmer.jpg" width="200" /></a></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Program 11</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">A Whiter Shade Of Pale,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>4:02,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Procol Harum</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">The Man Who Sold The World (Best of Bowie),<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>3:59,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>David Bowie</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Space Oddity,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>5:14,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>David Bowie</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Bang a Gong (Get It On),<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>4:27,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Marc Bolan & T.Rex</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Children of the Revolution,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2:29,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Marc Bolan & T.Rex</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">School's Out,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>3:31,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Alice Cooper</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Smoke On the Water,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>5:41,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Deep Purple</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Tom Sawyer,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>4:30,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Rush</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">It Can Happen,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>5:30,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Yes</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Lucky Man,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>4:36,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Emerson, Lake & Palmer</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Us And Them,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>7:51,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Pink Floyd</span></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"></span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgm2kSd9Hw1Vpax6tNYnWMSCPGyHKXWNQszrmFt_tsoltK_DtXXCSrG4UWvPIrEjcqk6n16A9OQu_nKHSLQYqkTTuHdEKuqvn1N7Q17GpqX_mwInVSLRyec5ZI4zf2hy_SCSlfhZA/s1500/91YlTtiGi0L._AC_SL1500_.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1500" data-original-width="1484" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgm2kSd9Hw1Vpax6tNYnWMSCPGyHKXWNQszrmFt_tsoltK_DtXXCSrG4UWvPIrEjcqk6n16A9OQu_nKHSLQYqkTTuHdEKuqvn1N7Q17GpqX_mwInVSLRyec5ZI4zf2hy_SCSlfhZA/w198-h200/91YlTtiGi0L._AC_SL1500_.jpg" width="198" /></a></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Program 12</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Something,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>3:03,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The Beatles</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Behind Blue Eyes,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>3:40,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The Who</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Magic Carpet Ride,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>4:34,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Steppenwolf</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Over The Hills And Far Away,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>4:50,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Led Zeppelin</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Gimme Shelter,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>4:32,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The Rolling Stones</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Back Of A Car,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2:46,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Big Star</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">"Heroes" [Single Version],<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>3:38,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>David Bowie</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Comfortably Numb,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>6:54,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Pink Floyd</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">More Than A Feeling,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>4:45,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Boston</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Hold On Tight,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>3:08,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Electric Light Orchestra</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Atlantic City,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>4:01,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Bruce Springsteen</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">The Boys Are Back In Town,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>4:27,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Thin Lizzy</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Authority Song,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>3:50,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>John Mellencamp</span></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEip-mscC_CxPbPTBfBhQyk9xgtYQzmpkzwNGKLZdlsfbJjao9uhqDOjDxPgJzenYOKY0d_jk01j-lbpL3s1xqwz467jDB5Ou-vkmP0pJdI0ESTOrpbC5vFrgqGRJFbiIjwsFc6mOQ/s600/Gonna+Make+You+Sweat+%2528feat.+David+Cole%252C+Freedom+Williams+%2526+Zelma+Davis%2529.jpg" style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="600" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEip-mscC_CxPbPTBfBhQyk9xgtYQzmpkzwNGKLZdlsfbJjao9uhqDOjDxPgJzenYOKY0d_jk01j-lbpL3s1xqwz467jDB5Ou-vkmP0pJdI0ESTOrpbC5vFrgqGRJFbiIjwsFc6mOQ/w200-h200/Gonna+Make+You+Sweat+%2528feat.+David+Cole%252C+Freedom+Williams+%2526+Zelma+Davis%2529.jpg" width="200" /></a></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Program 13</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Stayin' Alive (From "Saturday Night Fever" Soundtrack),<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>4:44,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Bee Gees,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1977</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Da Ya Think I'm Sexy?,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>5:29,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Rod Stewart,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1978</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">I Will Survive,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>3:18,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Gloria Gaynor,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1978</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Le Freak (Remastered),<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>5:31,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Chic,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1978</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Y.M.C.A.,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>4:47,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Village People,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1978</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Ring My Bell,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>3:32,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Anita Ward,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1979</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">We Are Family (Single Version),<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>3:37,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Sister Sledge,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1979</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Funkytown,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>3:59,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Lipps, Inc.,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1979</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Another Brick in the Wall (Part 2),<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>4:01,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Pink Floyd,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1979</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">1999,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>3:38,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Prince,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1982</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Gonna Make You Sweat (Everybody Dance Now),<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>4:04,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>C+C Music Factory,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1990</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Arigato We Love You,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>5:15,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Pizzicato Five,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1997</span></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5bYtAtblRHS93LI2OFQgG2WwkHYgnBjtn__GKJu5zW9JOuHlUdjuEH2czG8tQJIKX4qzgPIaqrqC_rvkGLC4rDaPAUEYAP0N8NRRdsgP5v2Ih58pw08EgcN5uR6PiHuyvh3WpNg/s608/Definitive+All-Time+Greatest+Hits.jpg" style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="608" height="198" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5bYtAtblRHS93LI2OFQgG2WwkHYgnBjtn__GKJu5zW9JOuHlUdjuEH2czG8tQJIKX4qzgPIaqrqC_rvkGLC4rDaPAUEYAP0N8NRRdsgP5v2Ih58pw08EgcN5uR6PiHuyvh3WpNg/w200-h198/Definitive+All-Time+Greatest+Hits.jpg" width="200" /></a></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Program 14</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Rocket Man (I Think It's Going To Be A Long Long Time),<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>4:45,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>John, Elton<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">The Sound of Silence,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>3:07,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Simon & Garfunkel</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Suzanne,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>3:50,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Leonard Cohen</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Calypso,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>3:36,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>John Denver</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Time in a Bottle,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2:27,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Jim Croce</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Morning Has Broken,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>3:19,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Cat Stevens</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">The Circle Game,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>4:52,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Joni Mitchell</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Helpless (Live),<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>4:16,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Neil Young</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Swingtown,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>3:29,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Steve Miller Band</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Pink Houses,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>4:44,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>John Mellencamp</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Hand In My Pocket,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>3:42,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Alanis Morissette</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">All I Wanna Do,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>4:33,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Sheryl Crow</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Ballad of Big Nothing (Remastered),<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2:48,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Elliott Smith</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Independence Day,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>3:04,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Elliott Smith</span></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwurj6ZlUhi1fZof2H9r-mdwFhEkYXdXEDJgXM_rLOI0KWM809G6t11LNWnLNJ765DGEQbvrNrpH2gq5IEyfGP4I91w5IKVncQ9H0DD3H-8I-vhk2prLwUs0DbM0xIqBwMxVV_Tg/s600/Sugar%252C+Sugar.jpg" style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="600" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwurj6ZlUhi1fZof2H9r-mdwFhEkYXdXEDJgXM_rLOI0KWM809G6t11LNWnLNJ765DGEQbvrNrpH2gq5IEyfGP4I91w5IKVncQ9H0DD3H-8I-vhk2prLwUs0DbM0xIqBwMxVV_Tg/w200-h200/Sugar%252C+Sugar.jpg" width="200" /></a></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Program 15</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Sugar, Sugar,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2:50,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The Archies</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">I'm A Believer,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2:47,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The Monkees</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Green Tambourine,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2:27,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The Lemon Pipers</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Venus,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>3:04,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Shocking Blue</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Yummy, Yummy, Yummy,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2:18,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Ohio Express</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Yummy, Yummy, Yummy,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2:26,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Rita Chao</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">My Boy Lollipop,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2:00,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Millie</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">My Boy Lollipop,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2:02,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Sakura And The Quests</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Beautiful Sunday,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>3:02,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Daniel Boone</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Dancing Queen,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>3:52,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>ABBA</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">All out of Love,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>4:01,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Air Supply</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Girls Just Want To Have Fun,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>3:58,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Cyndi Lauper</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Like a Virgin,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>3:39,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Madonna</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">West End Girls,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>3:54,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Pet Shop Boys (2003 digital remaster)</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Wannabe (Radio Edit),<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2:53,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Spice Girls</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Toxic,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>3:19,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Britney Spears</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Get Lucky (feat. Pharrell Williams & Nile Rodgers) [Radio Edit],<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>4:08,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Daft Punk</span></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOIYp3gU9i11MVxXH7hwsU0ds8iiF7IgyLI_7aP4fBCai2swU6yuuzPGUw7aHx7R3KZ6AI9KZC1Opd7y8OuihPZEFDbDNBYnSkL5zM3FPN6aYxS13_cvE7KPAwquuNEdVwPQy-sw/s600/Straight+Outta+Lynwood.jpg" style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="600" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOIYp3gU9i11MVxXH7hwsU0ds8iiF7IgyLI_7aP4fBCai2swU6yuuzPGUw7aHx7R3KZ6AI9KZC1Opd7y8OuihPZEFDbDNBYnSkL5zM3FPN6aYxS13_cvE7KPAwquuNEdVwPQy-sw/w200-h200/Straight+Outta+Lynwood.jpg" width="200" /></a></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Program 16</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Der Fuerhrer's Face,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2:40,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Spike Jones</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">The Flying Saucer Parts 1 & 2 - Buchanan & Goodman,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>4:23,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Goodman & Buchanan</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">The Thing,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2:22,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Bill Buchanan</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">The Mummy,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2:01,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Bubi & Bob</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Kookie, Kookie,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1:43,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Edward Byrnes</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Poisoning Pigeons in the Park,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2:07,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Tom Lehrer</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Baby Snakes,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1:50,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Frank Zappa</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">They're Coming to Take Me Away, Ha-haaa!,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2:11,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Napoleon XIV</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Fish Heads,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2:25,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Barnes & Barnes</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">You Can't Roller Skate In A Buffalo Herd,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1:56,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Roger Miller</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Cover Of The Rolling Stone,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2:55,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Dr. Hook & The Medicine Show</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Tip Toe Through the Tulips (Rerecorded),<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1:44,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Tiny Tim</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Tie Me Kangaroo Down,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2:35,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The Sundowners</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Walking My Gargoyle (original song from <i>The Carnivorous Carnival</i>),<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2:38,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The Gothic Archies</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">The Time Warp,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>3:18,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The Rocky Horror Picture Show</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">The Hampster Dance Song,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>3:33,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Hampton the Hampster</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Barbie Girl,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>3:18,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Aqua</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">I Talk to My Haircut,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2:49,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Squirrel Nut Zippers</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Don't Get Hit by a Car,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2:44,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Cheekface</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">White & Nerdy (Parody of "Ridin'" by Chamillionaire feat. Krayzie Bone),<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2:51,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>"Weird Al" Yankovic</span></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><p></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipW3yF7kN2cL5J3NZx6KBZabwPOYbtE7tlJe4RI2ASizzMmZYN937OtvwM3rUQvqBJjiNvWBvBhiMVlfdGTbPLc-mGO3cOUKtjcxrAqgcb6-m7gPIxuyVxF167g3aD1AoLPWReyA/s226/images.jpeg" style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="226" data-original-width="223" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipW3yF7kN2cL5J3NZx6KBZabwPOYbtE7tlJe4RI2ASizzMmZYN937OtvwM3rUQvqBJjiNvWBvBhiMVlfdGTbPLc-mGO3cOUKtjcxrAqgcb6-m7gPIxuyVxF167g3aD1AoLPWReyA/w198-h200/images.jpeg" width="198" /></a></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Program 17</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Better Must Come,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2:47,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Delroy Wilson</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">I Am the Upsetter,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>3:06,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Lee "Scratch" Perry</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Get Up Stand Up,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>3:17,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Bob Marley & The Wailers</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">(White Man) In Hammersmith Palais,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>4:01,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The Clash</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Rock The Casbah,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>3:44,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The Clash</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Message in a Bottle,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>4:51,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The Police</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Roots Radicals Rockers and Reggae,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>3:55,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Stiff Little Fingers</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Psycho,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2:18,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The Sonics</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Kiss Me On The Bus,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2:55,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The Replacements</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Come On Down,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>3:21,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Green River</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">I See Stars,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>4:33,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Screaming Trees</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">The Annoying Song,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2:34,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Butthole Surfers</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Rhoda,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>6:53,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Slint</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">God Break Down the Door,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>4:15,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Nine Inch Nails</span></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBhTJCt1v-TAlUYNWOKlVnhvdQpzLpjjJCvggQAXITa_HuCF7dvuHCj5zDsLNu8emrjbtMaZ9MguHgLwucbjuMPzlm8BM9dcoFdvbBX3j6OXP8ioViYpaWdI70LELvdFl_30o6OQ/s1500/Agents+of+Fortune.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1500" data-original-width="1500" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBhTJCt1v-TAlUYNWOKlVnhvdQpzLpjjJCvggQAXITa_HuCF7dvuHCj5zDsLNu8emrjbtMaZ9MguHgLwucbjuMPzlm8BM9dcoFdvbBX3j6OXP8ioViYpaWdI70LELvdFl_30o6OQ/w200-h200/Agents+of+Fortune.jpg" width="200" /></a><br /><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Program 18</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Everybody's Got Something To Hide Except Me And My Monkey,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2:25,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The Beatles,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1968</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Helter Skelter,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>4:30,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The Beatles,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1968</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Ramble On,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>4:25,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Led Zeppelin,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1969</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Sweet Emotion,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>4:34,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Aerosmith,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1975</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">(Don't Fear) The Reaper,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>5:08,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Blue Öyster Cult,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1976</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Godzilla,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>3:47,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Blue Öyster Cult,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1977</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Crazy on You,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>4:30,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Heart,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1976</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Barracuda,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>4:21,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Heart,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1977</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Freewill,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>5:25,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Rush,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1980</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Jump,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>4:02,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Van Halen,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1984</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Sweet Child O' Mine,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>5:56,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Guns N' Roses,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1987</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Iris,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>4:50,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The Goo Goo Dolls,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1998</span></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"></span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi35CezLcNKF0PwkL22kIt76kXJht6sBMgvJLImfbnBIDd9J9H89OjFEXgxgbj5r3etfy5pPwOjaO0nqhuLalNJM5AhATa1FezjlgxaMvh6ORkCe2qGOIYf59m7vr6JXG8QPA5usw/s600/Paranoid.jpg" style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="600" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi35CezLcNKF0PwkL22kIt76kXJht6sBMgvJLImfbnBIDd9J9H89OjFEXgxgbj5r3etfy5pPwOjaO0nqhuLalNJM5AhATa1FezjlgxaMvh6ORkCe2qGOIYf59m7vr6JXG8QPA5usw/w200-h200/Paranoid.jpg" width="200" /></a></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Program 19</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Iron Man,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>5:55,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Black Sabbath,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1970</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Paranoid,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2:48,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Black Sabbath,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1970</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Let's Get It Up,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>3:54,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>AC/DC,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1981</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">The Number of the Beast (2015 Remastered Version),<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>4:51,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Iron Maiden,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1982</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Hellbent,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1:46,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Snowhite,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1983</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Kickstart My Heart,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>4:43,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Mötley Crüe,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1989</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Anarchy-X,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1:28,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Queensrÿche,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1988</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Enter Sandman,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>5:32,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Metallica,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1991</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Undertow,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>5:22,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Tool,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1993</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Revolve,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>4:45,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Melvins,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1994</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Corrosion,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>4:56,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Ministry,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1992</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Dragula,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>3:43,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Rob Zombie,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1998</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Deer Dance,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2:55,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>System of a Down,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2001</span></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"><br /></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjg7KFQwE4-qFnmAGiPcpxwF-oBaySf-OTmoQtqT0HUqCa8YpCTSTfJvVmTqF-9I5ZetYIBnINscLGs_tSnY8SLvAz_08PN46Rrv5mRFFEvCJDig6Zu3Gct6gFfsBKv5lBbTQVuAw/s600/R-663096-1283445391.jpeg.jpg" style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="600" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjg7KFQwE4-qFnmAGiPcpxwF-oBaySf-OTmoQtqT0HUqCa8YpCTSTfJvVmTqF-9I5ZetYIBnINscLGs_tSnY8SLvAz_08PN46Rrv5mRFFEvCJDig6Zu3Gct6gFfsBKv5lBbTQVuAw/w200-h200/R-663096-1283445391.jpeg.jpg" width="200" /></a></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Program 20</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">The Magnificent Seven,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>5:30,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The Clash</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Rapture,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>3:13,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Blondie</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">The Message,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>7:12,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Grandmaster Flash</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">World Destruction,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>4:15,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Time Zone</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Fight the Power,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>4:43,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Public Enemy</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">My Philosophy,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>5:38,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>KRS ONE & Boogie Down Productions</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Mr. Wendel,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>4:08,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Arrested Development</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Dynamite!,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>4:46,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The Roots</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Battle Cry,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>3:40,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Angel Haze</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Bomb The World (Armageddon Version) ,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>4:45,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Michael Franti & Spearhead</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Forgive Them Father,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>4:28,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Lauryn Hill</span></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"></span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6Cev8OtdhgoCE51RokdkcnbzZ-MLuQfv2XPjMCXvDxanP32ypDlOZmAyWlmRtb7DZvbwK_gNBkyMgYqqr_nDFveXu3EdseWtMBxmKu4wwZVx9B2zMDSkXCuizXhMF_1EqsZ57Cw/s600/The+Very+Best+of+the+Righteous+Brothers+-+Unchained+Melody.jpg" style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="591" data-original-width="600" height="197" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6Cev8OtdhgoCE51RokdkcnbzZ-MLuQfv2XPjMCXvDxanP32ypDlOZmAyWlmRtb7DZvbwK_gNBkyMgYqqr_nDFveXu3EdseWtMBxmKu4wwZVx9B2zMDSkXCuizXhMF_1EqsZ57Cw/w200-h197/The+Very+Best+of+the+Righteous+Brothers+-+Unchained+Melody.jpg" width="200" /></a></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Program 21</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Can't Help Falling In Love,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>3:02,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Elvis Presley,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1961</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Unchained Melody,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>3:36,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The Righteous Brothers,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1965</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">What The World Needs Now,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>3:16,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Jackie DeShannon,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1965</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">The Look Of Love,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>3:32,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Dionne Warwick,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1967</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Never My Love,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2:56,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The Association,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1967</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">The Air That I Breathe,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>4:13,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The Hollies,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1974</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">How Deep Is Your Love,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>4:05,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Bee Gees,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1977</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Longer,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>3:17,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Dan Fogelberg,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1979</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">True,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>5:36,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Spandau Ballet,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1983</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Heart and Soul,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>4:17,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>T'Pau,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1987</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Harvest Moon,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>5:03,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Neil Young,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1992</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Crash Into Me,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>5:16,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Dave Matthews Band,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1996</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Love Is The Seventh Wave,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>3:32,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Sting,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1985</span></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4aqqlXvE1kLWoyfsVRxUT7By6iZSlXDfW9oUqYY2WZ3N6yHmHZ-9AnI4yFvaW5EOa841v8qMjLTTnyQAoRYRoFLjBO_3WLZOogojkiQAm73dFZz2bfmEV1xgwXBb_OKltYtzfTQ/s600/U2-War.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="600" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4aqqlXvE1kLWoyfsVRxUT7By6iZSlXDfW9oUqYY2WZ3N6yHmHZ-9AnI4yFvaW5EOa841v8qMjLTTnyQAoRYRoFLjBO_3WLZOogojkiQAm73dFZz2bfmEV1xgwXBb_OKltYtzfTQ/w200-h200/U2-War.jpg" width="200" /></a></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Program 22</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Drowning Man,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>4:15,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>U2,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1983</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">How Soon Is Now,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>6:33,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The Smiths,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1984</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Once In A Lifetime,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>4:20,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Talking Heads,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1992</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Love is a stranger,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>3:44,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Eurythmics,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1983</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Like An Animal,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>4:44,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The Glove,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1983</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Mad World,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>3:35,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Tears for Fears,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1983</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Haunted When the Minutes Drag,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>8:04,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Love and Rockets,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1985</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Butterfly (Upswing Mix),<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>5:22,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Smile.dk,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1998</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Sandstorm,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>3:45,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Darude,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1999</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Levels,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>5:39,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Avicii,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2011</span></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"></span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqpI_J9yXhitM_-4gxKObsLCwf0Q0mSGiwiWkraLJoUXSztLGWEN31mubMH002Zb0hIXP7VflbxJgWlLGhtsX6rDssG9MsGXbTPblbRwvUe0vaQDc1pgNRSQyTXPBv-iVlZ15NFQ/s531/Cooke+A+Change.jpg" style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="531" data-original-width="530" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqpI_J9yXhitM_-4gxKObsLCwf0Q0mSGiwiWkraLJoUXSztLGWEN31mubMH002Zb0hIXP7VflbxJgWlLGhtsX6rDssG9MsGXbTPblbRwvUe0vaQDc1pgNRSQyTXPBv-iVlZ15NFQ/w199-h200/Cooke+A+Change.jpg" width="199" /></a></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Program 23</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Calypso Freedom,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>6:30,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Willie Peacock <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"><span class="Apple-converted-space">Mississippi Goddam 4:55, Nina Simone </span></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">A Change is Gonna Come,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>3:06,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Sam Cooke</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Little Boxes,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1:40,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Malvina Reynolds</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Volunteers,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2:05,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Jefferson Airplane</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Born In The U.S.A.,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>4:40,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Bruce Springsteen</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Simple Song Of Freedom (the Woodstock performance version),<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>3:01,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Tim Hardin</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">The "Fish" Cheer / I-Feel-Like-I'm-Fixin'-To-Die Rag,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>3:45,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Country Joe & The Fish</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Six White Horses,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2:38,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Waylon Jennings</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Galveston,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2:42,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Glen Campbell</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">No Train to Stockholm,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2:17,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Lee Hazlewood</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Men In Helicopters,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>3:09,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Adrian Belew</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">This Land is Your Land,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>4:10,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>John Mellencamp</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Fast Car,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>4:56,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Tracy Chapman</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Baltimore (feat. Eryn Allen Kane),<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>4:34,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Prince</span></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"></span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCDbQ064HcLuD-hJGyms-WG1BTT5Rujy-_yK1caurQxN549NC-qh5SuNBU1OOqR_qarUMZveEs0wnPkai85N5_XnwLrtGGFw7tw8c6X0RBPtdHQ1H5iz8T8WXuY3lfhnRFbHpY0Q/s500/The+Suburbs.png" style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="500" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCDbQ064HcLuD-hJGyms-WG1BTT5Rujy-_yK1caurQxN549NC-qh5SuNBU1OOqR_qarUMZveEs0wnPkai85N5_XnwLrtGGFw7tw8c6X0RBPtdHQ1H5iz8T8WXuY3lfhnRFbHpY0Q/w200-h200/The+Suburbs.png" width="200" /></a></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Program 24</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Mr. Jones,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Counting Crows,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1993</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Good,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Better Than Ezra,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1993</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Santeria,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Sublime,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1996</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Bitter Sweet Symphony,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The Verve,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1997</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Tubthumping,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Chumbawamba,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1997</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Semi-Charmed Life,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Third Eye Blind,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1997</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Slide,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The Goo Goo Dolls,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1998</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Sk8er Boi,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Avril Lavigne,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2002</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Teenagers,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>My Chemical Romance,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2006</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Sprawl II (Mountains Beyond Mountains),<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Arcade Fire,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2010</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Bike Dream,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Rostam,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2017</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Thunder,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Imagine Dragons,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2018</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Waiting in Line (feat. Adam Duritz),<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Maria Taylor,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2019</span></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"></span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1tdxqq3NVIk8h7LXXXuLSKbnUL0jysXRjDDLEMMOZL6-KLL4hDA113cKzMmkoxnGUzCBTIQq8drXBRlEjJ5JrMlzLU5k8z2W9Nxtj35iHTHc6hQ627pASUEokcZyNWi4EGS_lpA/s600/El+Corazon.jpg" style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="600" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1tdxqq3NVIk8h7LXXXuLSKbnUL0jysXRjDDLEMMOZL6-KLL4hDA113cKzMmkoxnGUzCBTIQq8drXBRlEjJ5JrMlzLU5k8z2W9Nxtj35iHTHc6hQ627pASUEokcZyNWi4EGS_lpA/w200-h200/El+Corazon.jpg" width="200" /></a></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Program 25</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Old Black Choo Choo,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>3:04,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Rose Maddox & Vern Williams</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">I Walk The Line,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2:43,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Cash, Johnny (1932-2003)</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Roll, Truck, Roll,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2:51,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Red Simpson</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Six Days On the Road,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2:15,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Dave Dudley</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Lookin' Out My Back Door,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2:33,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Creedence Clearwater Revival</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Take It Easy,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>3:32,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Eagles</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">California Stars,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>4:59,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Billy Bragg & Wilco</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Traveler's Lantern,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>3:18,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Dwight Yoakam</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Telephone Road,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>3:43,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Steve Earle</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Ten Little Kids,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>4:34,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The Jayhawks</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Dance the Night Away,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>4:21,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The Mavericks</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">David,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>4:42,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Cody Jinks</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">I Used to Be Somebody,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>4:14,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>June Carter Cash</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Hung My Head,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>3:54,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Cash, Johnny (1932-2003)</span></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"></span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqOi4CpGon6-XwMjLpqbbZy0ZM6bfpJBksuOkqacAUUt5Euu2wfyOa0ZwVcA2szk2VMg8KxPGn6Zv2HFHh8362py3LMXQdJ_ladFVfyyeVZQQJZKTySBB55pHeo6ZO9UhawwW_Yw/s600/Elephant.jpg" style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="600" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqOi4CpGon6-XwMjLpqbbZy0ZM6bfpJBksuOkqacAUUt5Euu2wfyOa0ZwVcA2szk2VMg8KxPGn6Zv2HFHh8362py3LMXQdJ_ladFVfyyeVZQQJZKTySBB55pHeo6ZO9UhawwW_Yw/w200-h200/Elephant.jpg" width="200" /></a></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Program 26</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">We Will Rock You,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2:02,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Queen,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1977</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">We Are the Champions,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>3:00,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Queen,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1977</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Surrender,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>4:12,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Cheap Trick,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1991</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Sweet Home Alabama,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>4:44,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Lynyrd Skynyrd,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1974</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Free Fallin',<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>4:16,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Tom Petty,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1989</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Dream On,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>4:25,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Aerosmith,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1973</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">You Shook Me All Night Long,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>3:30,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>AC/DC,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1980</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Stand,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>3:13,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>R.E.M.,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1988</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Mysterious Ways,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>4:04,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>U2,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1991</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Man In the Box,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>4:45,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Alice In Chains,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1990</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Don't Stop Believin',<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>4:11,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Journey,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1981</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Seven Nation Army,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>3:52,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The White Stripes,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2003</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">It's Only Rock 'N' Roll (But I Like It),<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>5:07,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The Rolling Stones,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1974</span></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"></span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXlidtEHMGazdzyxEQ9WvaEkSZBae-uWXhyoz8PeXn-vxBlydNMKsSA0YgF3QOIjJpzx9PLPWzPDMDXvde-yynMh2DD4fn5lT-XHJF_lZfI7BCnFX02AdNM6uPAKz7uDkvQpHwQQ/s500/c5Ft5lI.jpeg" style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="498" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXlidtEHMGazdzyxEQ9WvaEkSZBae-uWXhyoz8PeXn-vxBlydNMKsSA0YgF3QOIjJpzx9PLPWzPDMDXvde-yynMh2DD4fn5lT-XHJF_lZfI7BCnFX02AdNM6uPAKz7uDkvQpHwQQ/w199-h200/c5Ft5lI.jpeg" width="199" /></a></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Program 27</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">La Bamba,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2:01,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Ritchie Valens</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">El Paso,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>4:41,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Marty Robbins</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Within You Without You,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>5:05,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The Beatles</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Cant Lose You,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>6:06,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Type O Negative</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Diamonds On The Soles Of Her Shoes,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>5:48,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Simon, Paul (1941- )</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Light My Fire,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>7:07,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The Doors</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Light My Fire,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>6:11,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>José Feliciano</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Spill the Wine,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>4:53,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>War</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Livin' La Vida Loca,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>3:39,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Ricky Martin</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Fam Jam (Fe Sum Immigrins),<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>3:22,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Shad</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">A Letter to My Younger Self,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2:22,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Ambar Lucid</span></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"></span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKD4ZqZHh_SmR_T5sBQzij7EpvUs29Of6669mSykhAWzZROzjRpxxEKrq1yqxQcqEQns3eG5zaCGFTG0iBeXlOoXG-UHvLuAAdyK1CYatQeELpNkWfi9_eRk5fP8C3iipVGd4flA/s600/Christopher+Cross.jpg" style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="600" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKD4ZqZHh_SmR_T5sBQzij7EpvUs29Of6669mSykhAWzZROzjRpxxEKrq1yqxQcqEQns3eG5zaCGFTG0iBeXlOoXG-UHvLuAAdyK1CYatQeELpNkWfi9_eRk5fP8C3iipVGd4flA/w200-h200/Christopher+Cross.jpg" width="200" /></a></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Program 28</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Come Sail Away,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>6:07,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Styx</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Sailing,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>4:17,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Christopher Cross</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Margaritaville,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>4:09,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Jimmy Buffett</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Wreck Of The Edmund Fitzgerald,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>5:58,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Gordon Lightfoot</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Summer Breeze,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>3:26,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Seals & Crofts</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Sweet Thing,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>4:26,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Van Morrison</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Daniel,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>3:53,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Elton John</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Mandy,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>3:20,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Barry Manilow</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Dreams,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>4:16,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Fleetwood Mac</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Dust In The Wind,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>3:29,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Kansas</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Time,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>5:04,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The Alan Parsons Project</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">I Want to Know What Love Is,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>5:01,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Foreigner</span></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUZW73LewPCL-7-0EP8tOzDrokyoFSKf2iSY9_dPLpQkBzxzH1UT2oiBXr_8oAZgTmP8-cFGmfhX5kC39i8TWe2uVSLfMmavWgUpOb8e1BcTG6W0QkGwwIZVvvTuAPUq7rCZEJ7g/s600/M%2521ssundaztood.jpg" style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="600" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUZW73LewPCL-7-0EP8tOzDrokyoFSKf2iSY9_dPLpQkBzxzH1UT2oiBXr_8oAZgTmP8-cFGmfhX5kC39i8TWe2uVSLfMmavWgUpOb8e1BcTG6W0QkGwwIZVvvTuAPUq7rCZEJ7g/w200-h200/M%2521ssundaztood.jpg" width="200" /></a></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Program 29</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">California Girls,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2:41,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The Beach Boys,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1965</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">In the Summertime,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>3:33,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Mungo Jerry,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1970</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">King Of Pain,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>5:00,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The Police,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1983</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Purple Rain,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>8:41,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Prince & The Revolution,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1984</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Get the Party Started,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>3:13,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>P!nk,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2001</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Get Ur Freak On (LP Version),<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>3:57,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Missy Elliott,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2001</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Hey Ya!,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>3:56,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Outkast,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2003</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Paper Planes,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>3:26,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>M.I.A.,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2007</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">The Sign,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>3:10,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Ace of Base,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2008</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Bad Romance,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>4:55,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Lady Gaga,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2009</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Royals,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>3:10,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Lorde,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2013</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Prayer in C (Robin Schulz Remix),<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>3:13,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Robin Schulz (Lilly Wood & The Prick),<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2014</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Shape of You,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>3:54,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Ed Sheeran,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2017</span></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"></span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigIGEYfhD1rT5pqEi0nfSzP9YcVKr6kfzweJxcqAniZPS3LeD-IqHe-drrQhwiNqU9CEL0sRN-ABWfTQQ3_svZnTHTN47-80crcuXXzMy8kr8x6pKwjHb-jsUMeGTMU9ua5h75zQ/s600/Tattoo+You.jpg" style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="600" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigIGEYfhD1rT5pqEi0nfSzP9YcVKr6kfzweJxcqAniZPS3LeD-IqHe-drrQhwiNqU9CEL0sRN-ABWfTQQ3_svZnTHTN47-80crcuXXzMy8kr8x6pKwjHb-jsUMeGTMU9ua5h75zQ/w200-h200/Tattoo+You.jpg" width="200" /></a></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Program 30</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Maybellene (Single Version),<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2:22,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Chuck Berry</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Keep a Knockin' (Re-Recorded),<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2:10,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Little Richard</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">(Marie's the Name Of) His Latest Flame,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2:10,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Elvis Presley</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Start Me Up,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>3:33,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The Rolling Stones</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Maybe I'm Amazed,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>3:51,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Paul McCartney</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Are You Experienced?,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>4:16,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The Jimi Hendrix Experience</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Stairway To Heaven,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>8:01,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Led Zeppelin</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Under Pressure,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>3:58,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Queen & David Bowie</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Bohemian Rhapsody,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>5:55,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Queen</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Born To Run,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>4:30,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Bruce Springsteen</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">(Everything I Do) I Do It for You,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>6:34,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Bryan Adams</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;">Pride (In The Name Of Love),<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>3:50,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>U2</span></p>Eric Hadley-Iveshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07349423480178819276noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19990974.post-4246543694851204392020-07-16T19:20:00.009-07:002021-09-02T11:49:22.664-07:00The Problems We Face Now<div>I was thinking about the things that most concern me. What are the issues that I think are most serious, and deserve the most attention? I've made here a list of the top twenty problems I worry about. These are the social problems and situations that bother me the most. These are in ranked order. <br /></div><div><br /></div><div>The COVID-19 Pandemic is not on the list, because I think we will have it handled within a few years, and likewise the economic depression or recession that results from the COVID-19 will probably be solved in a few years. Of course I am extremely worried about the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States right now, but because I do not think it will be an enduring challenge to our society, it does not rank in my top continuing concerns. Someday we may face a virus with an R-naught of 10, a latency period of two to four weeks, and an infection morality rate of 50%, and when we're faced with something like that I'll be scared. Likewise, we may someday detect an asteroid 5 kilometers in length on a collision path with our planet, and that would jump to the top of the list. But those threats seem remote to me just now.<br /></div><div><br /></div><div>So, here is my top list.<br /></div><div><h3 style="text-align: left;">1) Climate Threat</h3></div><div>I am frightened by the global climate change that threatens to make oceans rise and temperatures go up so that some areas of the planet become essentially uninhabitable. The resulting mass migration away from coastal cities and torrid regions, combined with the loss of cropland due to coastal flooding, will present challenges. This problem poses a nearly existential threat to humanity, and all other problems on this list are far less important in comparison. I would solve this problem first, if I had to choose, but of course the solution to this problem will involve addressing several of the other problems on this list.</div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvfnuhSPVAr7lLACiaKCYCgkpql6n0gxssQnNLXHA3fd9osDzRIjTlGxuCGx-Z6YbBVWCjihk_SgsYTJMhBRbUhMC6Xi7lU_ATbkc6hkQ-e9mVvNJQqynGudU8PVx-JFJ2Cuyszw/s1280/Enviromental_Concern.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1102" data-original-width="1280" height="552" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvfnuhSPVAr7lLACiaKCYCgkpql6n0gxssQnNLXHA3fd9osDzRIjTlGxuCGx-Z6YbBVWCjihk_SgsYTJMhBRbUhMC6Xi7lU_ATbkc6hkQ-e9mVvNJQqynGudU8PVx-JFJ2Cuyszw/w640-h552/Enviromental_Concern.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Protesters in Springfield, Illinois want the environment to be protected<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><div><br /></div><div><h3 style="text-align: left;">2) Nuclear War</h3></div><div>I am disturbed by the threat of nuclear war, which remains remote, but continues to be real. So long as the weapons exist and countries that have nuclear weapons such as Russia, North Korea, China, Pakistan, India, Israel, and the United States threaten war, I am uneasy about the long-term future of humanity. Until there is an strong system for regulating international relations in such a way that war becomes impossible, these weapons pose a nearly existential threat to humanity’s long-term future.</div><div><br /></div><div>Because this threat is not imminent, it could perhaps be ranked near the end of the list. But unlike the other 18 problems below it, this problem poses a real threat to the planet that is so worrisome that I think it deserves its number 2 ranking. It is also a problem I believe could be solved with greater ease than many of the other problems on this list. <br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXLIvkqFDtIRCpURIWZG13qeAheiRWnQzpP_IHBsse5yIWNUJWAOT3d0AxwmyUWhUI7nflc0gEIs0alrdYKqrcEt4ntmEUs2FNgLPMIY9dVibjC7TCW8YQVAXE4k9TSh0hhYTH6w/s640/image.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="461" data-original-width="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXLIvkqFDtIRCpURIWZG13qeAheiRWnQzpP_IHBsse5yIWNUJWAOT3d0AxwmyUWhUI7nflc0gEIs0alrdYKqrcEt4ntmEUs2FNgLPMIY9dVibjC7TCW8YQVAXE4k9TSh0hhYTH6w/s320/image.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Survivors mourn at mass grave<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><h3 style="text-align: left;">3) China's government is too belligerent toward Taiwan. </h3></div><div>I am worried by threats that the Communist Party of China and the People’s Liberation Army make, where they claim they may invade and conquer the Republic of China headquartered in Taiwan. If the authorities in Beijing launch such a war, I think America, NATO, Japan, and other Asian countries must come to Taiwan’s defense, and in so doing, there is a threat of an escalation of the conflict that could lead to a world war between the PRC and much of the rest of the world. I care very much about the people of China and Taiwan, and I do not want to see a war that would impose terrible suffering on those people.</div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkezTUyoyHx1cqlPp-sFbLT5Ck_4-f7muknCkh0ddXVooZx8sFgB80OeA3iqqEE8BFpriyRP_tNacKP8Qg7mOpaUiGsrSdZkQsGkK-IhWBPrjAfyUplQgOQdaB8maBw_LA8lKgtA/s2048/Crowds+at+Protest.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1366" data-original-width="2048" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkezTUyoyHx1cqlPp-sFbLT5Ck_4-f7muknCkh0ddXVooZx8sFgB80OeA3iqqEE8BFpriyRP_tNacKP8Qg7mOpaUiGsrSdZkQsGkK-IhWBPrjAfyUplQgOQdaB8maBw_LA8lKgtA/s320/Crowds+at+Protest.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Sunflower Movement protests in Taipei<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><h3 style="text-align: left;">4) The displaced people need our care</h3></div><div>I care very much about the continuing problem of displaced people around the world who are refugees from racism and war, and in particular the fate of persons fleeing violent anarchy and prejudices in Central America (Guatemala-Honduras-El Salvador), Myanmar, Syria, Afghanistan, and other places. The international system needs to create fulfilling lives for refugees so that they can live in safety and develop their skills and personalities, and be productive and happy. This is a burden all humanity should share. I am not in favor of open borders, but I do think humanity needs to create resettlement regions and enclaves where people will be safe, and where people can build new lives while having their human rights respected.</div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnVrx5qJv136rGhCvKoHo5dZsI6Slh_i4exv9qDVmZBXuqMpjGmyHEv73toFMYEBeRWV0rBX9OcbB7_mq1nYRzBFvqYWdTkslEP-lL1J8aOCXxO8ekzAHZVRypmYMIKpKSFYqEag/s2048/Refugees.jpeg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1547" data-original-width="2048" height="303" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnVrx5qJv136rGhCvKoHo5dZsI6Slh_i4exv9qDVmZBXuqMpjGmyHEv73toFMYEBeRWV0rBX9OcbB7_mq1nYRzBFvqYWdTkslEP-lL1J8aOCXxO8ekzAHZVRypmYMIKpKSFYqEag/w400-h303/Refugees.jpeg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Ai Weiwei’s <i>Odyssey </i>(2016)<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><h3 style="text-align: left;">5) Poverty in the United States. Why does it continue? Why don't we end this travesty?</h3></div><div>I am outraged by the perpetuation of poverty and economic deprivation in the United States, a country that has achieved a level of wealth that makes it possible to eliminate poverty. Our country has allowed the creation of many billionaires and multi-millionaires who hold concentrated wealth in a society where over a third of the population lives with economic precarious paycheck-to-paycheck insecurity or else actual poverty. Poverty is the root of many of our social problems, and if we would eliminate poverty (with a mix of guaranteed employment and basic minimum incomes) we could drastically reduce many of the problems we now face.</div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQj-yJTQ-KGIgfuxJWc-TTVDKXsNX8HrFVVExI1Y-7bMOfc3vqF_oyQWYnDC4OAvvd8sewVSjr__cT2Y1Eqyx5xYnFqL5s7TD6twieijJFehmDV7qDa1HfslJrubqLHyxq-pjTyw/s960/Represent_Everyone.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="598" data-original-width="960" height="249" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQj-yJTQ-KGIgfuxJWc-TTVDKXsNX8HrFVVExI1Y-7bMOfc3vqF_oyQWYnDC4OAvvd8sewVSjr__cT2Y1Eqyx5xYnFqL5s7TD6twieijJFehmDV7qDa1HfslJrubqLHyxq-pjTyw/w400-h249/Represent_Everyone.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Protesters want government to respect the interests of everyone<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><h3 style="text-align: left;">6) Racial prejudices and racism</h3></div><div>I am committed to addressing the general problem of racism and prejudice in the United States. There is a widespread feeling of paranoia and distrust aimed against African-Americans, Asian-Americans, and Americans with American Indian heritage (including Hispanic Americans). I’m especially concerned about the 20% to 30% of Americans who are hostile toward “black and brown” and want to keep high levels of social distance from persons with non-European heritage. I’m concerned about the subtle racial prejudices that make Americans overvalue European racial characteristics and heritage and devalue non-European heritage. This racism and failure to see that we are all one family, one race, is a core problem in my culture. Many injustices are rooted in a large segment of European-Americans refusing to support policies and interventions that would address the problem, but we are also plagued by many well-meaning anti-racism activists more concerned with identity politics and symbolic interventions instead of using empirical evidence to guide us toward the interventions and policies that would most effectively reduce racism.</div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOIh6-qyZWinrO4ngu0mAFqae_ToduE9c7BIo3vYdDJNlG3N9UN1zWbVIBVN40Feu-7EF1gHDar2VTItXGlj8q1NolgnqnHoDFfjNU2YnYz_lW4jcfwP2yU3Q9-j1piTvaHSbDoA/s1732/Civil_Rights_Museum.jpeg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1377" data-original-width="1732" height="318" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOIh6-qyZWinrO4ngu0mAFqae_ToduE9c7BIo3vYdDJNlG3N9UN1zWbVIBVN40Feu-7EF1gHDar2VTItXGlj8q1NolgnqnHoDFfjNU2YnYz_lW4jcfwP2yU3Q9-j1piTvaHSbDoA/w400-h318/Civil_Rights_Museum.jpeg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Martin Luther King Day festival at Civil Rights Museum in Memphis<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><h3 style="text-align: left;">7) Violence, violent crime, militarism (all associated with a toxic masculinity in my culture)</h3></div><div>I am concerned about the violent tendencies in my culture. The gun-loving fetish of a significant minority of the country, combined with the tendency toward violence in some national sub-cultures, makes my society have a very high rate of death and injury due to homicide, suicide, and firearms accidents. Mass shootings, domestic violence, child abuse, violent crime in neighborhoods of concentrated poverty, foreign policies that cause thousands of innocent civilians in foreign lands to perish, and a glorification of military power (the achievement of being able to kill many people whom we have dehumanized) are all manifestations of this tendency toward violence in America. I say this as a person who enjoys hunting, and who does think that some Americans (“well-regulated” could mean “well-trained and licensed”) should have a right to own and use some kinds of firearms.</div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6BVH_AC_GqNvpzgoVtGfL23YY8AKClR3wt3TiN2Smi-t99WD9-X6j_mk7jChvC27QK2GydANXcAyMOvoQMRh4SnndB2c9czMhfmCKSSqBSn3KXst9fdPX4PdwvpBNEc7q5lAj2g/s1280/Governemnt+I%2527m+Watching+You.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="960" data-original-width="1280" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6BVH_AC_GqNvpzgoVtGfL23YY8AKClR3wt3TiN2Smi-t99WD9-X6j_mk7jChvC27QK2GydANXcAyMOvoQMRh4SnndB2c9czMhfmCKSSqBSn3KXst9fdPX4PdwvpBNEc7q5lAj2g/w400-h300/Governemnt+I%2527m+Watching+You.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Poster during the Sunflower student movement in 2014<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><h3 style="text-align: left;">8) Anti-intellectualism in American society</h3></div><div>I am concerned with the anti-intellectualism in my society, and the tendency of Americans to devalue the evidence of science and dispassionate and reasoned argument, and instead use cognitive distortion and confirmation bias to inform their opinions on most controversial matters. I also lament the low quality of intellectual life in our public sphere, the rather shallow understanding of theology, science, philosophy, history, art, and aesthetics of most Americans. My national culture is rightly criticized for being overly materialistic and shallow, and this is an aspect of my society for which I am ashamed. <br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiW9DRT0DnjcIYm9ODmMkt0JYid3T-NRDzVA8XFif5L0820hHx7qV-Yhb9Az7cL06eHnGePCrIW8qVCkiRbmJYvKW8dFn-dzpda6klYuK2WftwJJY1S3mgvNI0KPDzoKgzSUQN-Ow/s960/Make_America_Smart.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="960" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiW9DRT0DnjcIYm9ODmMkt0JYid3T-NRDzVA8XFif5L0820hHx7qV-Yhb9Az7cL06eHnGePCrIW8qVCkiRbmJYvKW8dFn-dzpda6klYuK2WftwJJY1S3mgvNI0KPDzoKgzSUQN-Ow/w400-h300/Make_America_Smart.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Protesters in January of 2017<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><h3 style="text-align: left;">9) Increasing inequality.</h3></div><div>I am concerned with the growing inequality and excessive power concentrated in the hands of economic elites. I detest the “winner-take-all” society. The pay differentials between those who serve as corporate executives and leaders of major institutions and those who serve as rank-and-file workers and professionals erodes democracy. The concentration of wealth is deeply unfair, and causes resentment and anger, because the masses of American workers who are productive and working long hours are seeing most of the fruits of their labors go to a minority (the top 10%) while living standards are fairly stagnant for most of us. The powerful and wealthy control much of the news and political debate, and the political parties have been captured by the elites, so that very few political leaders authentically represent the interests of the vast majority of Americans. Billionaires can buy elections, and they influence the political system so that taxes on the wealthy remain relatively low, while public goods and public services are diminished in quality.</div><div><br /></div><div>The problem is widespread across the globe. Economic elites can hide their money in tax havens, and avoid contributing to the public welfare. This is wrong, and it is wreaking havoc everywhere.</div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghTt77Bwr-AfNrCeLxKYBb0nLFQsB9O1-QZUF_9jlX3BySSoyTOmexrMCKR1JjXilaKU5cqlBk5yPMgkg6p_J0qDMLlg8simhP9f_j2pSA2YDv9ILm14avidbSARkcNZY6iTrt_g/s2048/working_people.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1536" data-original-width="2048" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghTt77Bwr-AfNrCeLxKYBb0nLFQsB9O1-QZUF_9jlX3BySSoyTOmexrMCKR1JjXilaKU5cqlBk5yPMgkg6p_J0qDMLlg8simhP9f_j2pSA2YDv9ILm14avidbSARkcNZY6iTrt_g/w400-h300/working_people.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Occupy Springfield protest in 2011<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><h3 style="text-align: left;">10) Industrial food production and the inhumane treatment of the animals we eat.</h3></div><div>I am worried about the food system being dominated by a few companies that use an industrial production model to provide food, and especially meat, in a system that is unjustifiably cruel and harmful. The treatment of livestock, of agricultural workers, of the land, and of many other workers involved in bringing food from fields to the table is unacceptable to me. <br /></div><div><br /></div><div>As a person who is sometimes a <a href="https://www.stephens-farm.com/">farmer</a> and farmers market food vendor, and also as someone who enjoys hunting (only for animals I would eat), my concern is partly about the alienation between modern people and the sources of their food. This alienation makes people willing to accept food systems that are unsustainable and destructive. It also prevents people from understanding the consequences of their food choices.<br /></div><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-XcmPcmtxfRMNeMD7gtQtkQKwbCY417GnfA5LUXiDG9EztqWDOfiIt0wmG6MqIEHdkglGKnTSKb9sePcro9LYvARq7nA6AMexGsDpvWBXWGY0W5_76XILekiTVBzHGfWsO0m8fg/s2048/IMG_8823.jpeg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1357" data-original-width="2048" height="265" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-XcmPcmtxfRMNeMD7gtQtkQKwbCY417GnfA5LUXiDG9EztqWDOfiIt0wmG6MqIEHdkglGKnTSKb9sePcro9LYvARq7nA6AMexGsDpvWBXWGY0W5_76XILekiTVBzHGfWsO0m8fg/w400-h265/IMG_8823.jpeg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Protesters in Springfield, Illinois<br /></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div><h3 style="text-align: left;">11) The Police Problem.</h3></div><div>I am worried about our system of criminal justice and law enforcement that incarcerates over two million Americans. Associated with this is our police force that seems to be filled with too many sadistic and brutal persons. I think that our society has a policing problem. I have friends in law enforcement, and I do not hate the police; in fact, I rather admire and like many persons drawn by the idealism of “protecting and serving the public” who show by their actions that they really want to help and protect people. I also know that there are people who are predators, who are psychopaths or suffering from anti-social personality disorder, who are dangerous, from whom we need protection. But I believe many local law enforcement organizations, as well as state police forces, and even the Federal Marshals and FBI, have been infiltrated by corrupt persons who are basically callous, violent, vindictive, paranoid, and hateful. This is a huge problem. We need a system that emphasizes prevention of crime and raising the rates of solving crimes and finding perpetrators and rehabilitating them (if possible), rather than a system that is based on intimidation and retribution (harsher punishments do not effectively reduce crime). We need a system that rehabilitates persons who can be rehabilitated, rather than a “corrections” system that punishes people without doing much to help them reform or reintegrate as healthy and productive citizens after they have been punished. Yes, there are people so dangerous that they need to be locked up forever, and there are people who unjustly hate all police and are violent threats to law enforcement workers, but the primary problem is a toxic culture in many police departments and in the widespread contempt in which many police hold the rest of us, the way our justice system is a retribution and hate system, rather than a rehabilitation system.<br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhesUxL6VHlET4dEbmx3IhmDiWwJX3yW-VHLxJ8hBlbAi0MVxLaF6xobrRXpmHxwiamLieqJeFDQpVd5EmqHuBWOYS5G6vGl02yzXTMFyCQySui8Faex0QrCQHzQklE2uKU7mFNgg/s2000/1956822_10152043705443333_589074533_o.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1333" data-original-width="2000" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhesUxL6VHlET4dEbmx3IhmDiWwJX3yW-VHLxJ8hBlbAi0MVxLaF6xobrRXpmHxwiamLieqJeFDQpVd5EmqHuBWOYS5G6vGl02yzXTMFyCQySui8Faex0QrCQHzQklE2uKU7mFNgg/w400-h266/1956822_10152043705443333_589074533_o.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Young Taiwanese idealists face off against riot control police<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><h3 style="text-align: left;">12) Inadequate services for persons with substance abuse problems.</h3></div><div>I am concerned with the lack of services and assistance for persons suffering from substance abuse or addiction. I believe that substance abuse and dependence is a major cause of child maltreatment and homelessness, and it seems insane to me that our society is not putting more resources into substance abuse treatment and substance abuse prevention. I believe that reducing social isolation and increasing psychological and relationship training in K-12 schools is one way to effectively prevent some of the substance abuse. In the meantime, we must provide treatment for persons who are abusing substances, and especially persons who are homeless and abusing substances.</div><div><br /></div><div>I would do whatever worked to solve this problem. Pragmatism should guide us. If the government legalized all dangerous addictive drugs and then created a state monopoly on them, and gave them out free to those who wanted to use or abuse them, but constantly encouraged those persons to get free treatment to reduce their addictions or abuse, I would support that sort of thing if evidence showed such a policy would significantly solve the problem. On the other extreme, if we had mandatory life imprisonments for everyone who was caught selling or distributing any quantity of dangerous addictive substances, and put them all to work breaking rocks in the Aleutian Archipelago, and that approached worked, I would support it. In other words, I am in favor of almost anything, whatever it takes, to pragmatically solve this problem. Until we help persons who suffer from addiction, we are going to continue to have high rates of child maltreatment, homelessness, and property crime.</div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJPhGJSnDB7CcqlNjI770MV5wsLp3W3Ds290EqNIfuGIg7rG72py9c0H2HVhY3GYE3RfRSKJ_Nl8CfsxKDxv0v74dDni6IW6NOmQNuo18mRnZJtFiuIPd-zn6IalCvyFgvsZDKew/s2048/1980321_10152056847158333_39039559_o.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1366" data-original-width="2048" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJPhGJSnDB7CcqlNjI770MV5wsLp3W3Ds290EqNIfuGIg7rG72py9c0H2HVhY3GYE3RfRSKJ_Nl8CfsxKDxv0v74dDni6IW6NOmQNuo18mRnZJtFiuIPd-zn6IalCvyFgvsZDKew/w640-h426/1980321_10152056847158333_39039559_o.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Aboriginal Formosans join in protest against policies threatening their well-being<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><h4 style="text-align: left;">13) Inadequate mental health services.</h4></div><div>I am worried about the lack of treatment for persons with mental illness, and I am especially concerned about the lack of support for family caregivers who take care of persons suffering from persistent and chronic mental illness or dementia. <br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgE2iF9nyu7utm2Hhkf07_nUiM-tI9jaMqGitktZQ9mxw23YjfZKuwWn9CkjX2_89JbQsJB4V638fWv04zy7olnamS-1Z-FByFQ4gpbLvHW1bZh5c3oD6e88VnVQMZuwD7hupFyNw/s2048/Don%2527t+Slash+Vital+Services.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1536" data-original-width="2048" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgE2iF9nyu7utm2Hhkf07_nUiM-tI9jaMqGitktZQ9mxw23YjfZKuwWn9CkjX2_89JbQsJB4V638fWv04zy7olnamS-1Z-FByFQ4gpbLvHW1bZh5c3oD6e88VnVQMZuwD7hupFyNw/w640-h480/Don%2527t+Slash+Vital+Services.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Human Service providers try to remind Illinois government of their duties<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><div><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><h3><br /></h3></div><div style="text-align: left;"><h3 style="text-align: left;">14) Cultural celebration of cynical nihilism, coarse language, and materialism.</h3></div><div>I am distressed by a crudeness and descent into profanity and cynical nihilism in our popular culture. My culture generally accepts glorification of hateful violence and meaningless sex in popular music and film. I am not a prude, and I do not object to the use of profanity in art, but our language has become so crude and debased with offensive words that such words have lost their impact. Many artists and creative types attempt to shock just for the fun of shocking people, and offer no serious criticism of problems or any constructive suggestions in their art. Likewise I believe sex is a worthwhile topic for art and popular culture to address, but it seems to me that the capitalist impulse has harnessed human sexuality and used it to create a culture where many people seem to care more about sex than love. I recognize that the quality and diversity of popular media (music, film, television, and other arts) is now very good, and we are in a golden age in some sense. Yet, despite this, the most popular forms of leisure arts, especially popular music and video gaming and film) seem dominated by the most empty and materialistic drivel packaged for mass consumption, and there is too much violence and excessive shallow sexuality. <br /></div><div><br /></div><div><h3 style="text-align: left;">15) Injustice of the American immigration system</h3></div><div>I am appalled by our immigration system. I prefer the United States to have a fairly stable population, and so I favor a modest decrease in immigration, but I still want a significant number of immigrants allowed into the country. I want these immigrants to include many who come here to unify families, and I also want us to bring in refugees and talented persons from all corners of the world. We ought to have an immigration system with clear rules and procedures, and persons coming to our country ought to know exactly what they should do to apply for rights to live here or to become citizens. When visitors or immigrants apply for legal status or naturalization, our system ought to swiftly give them clear answers about their status. We ought to allow people who are culturally American because they came here as children and grew up as Americans to remain here and become citizens, even if they are undocumented immigrants (provided they have committed no serious crimes and have made positive contributions to society as students, workers, or volunteers). <br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPjgDf0P7PveKdeyBsCUgnDmtkgcynXVI7440UJOJBJt6dwHTKxykR_5IVUwDKzVX0Dd0IbBTSxHQPDliztZWu8VoPGPSOq2d3KZv77S-sez22mtMNzQ3X-cfDWDkFUH-doBBk1A/s1400/ANtiDAP.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="933" data-original-width="1400" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPjgDf0P7PveKdeyBsCUgnDmtkgcynXVI7440UJOJBJt6dwHTKxykR_5IVUwDKzVX0Dd0IbBTSxHQPDliztZWu8VoPGPSOq2d3KZv77S-sez22mtMNzQ3X-cfDWDkFUH-doBBk1A/w400-h266/ANtiDAP.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Water Protector Encampment at Standing Rock Reservation<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><h3 style="text-align: left;">16) Black Lives Matter</h3></div><div>I am concerned about bias in our police and courts that manifests in higher rates of state-sponsored violence against members of minority communities. That is, I’m concerned about police being disrespectful and bullying African-Americans and others who are non-white. I am concerned that courts give harsher sentences to persons who are non-white. I am unhappy about the fact that our society gives much attention to the crimes against wealthy and European-Americans, and largely ignores crimes and injustices perpetrated against poor and non-European-Americans. I think that non-whites are over-represented as victims of unjustified police violence against suspects or harmless innocent persons. I believe that the <a href="https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/opa/press-releases/attachments/2015/03/04/ferguson_police_department_report.pdf">Justice Department’s report on the Ferguson Police Department</a> shows a type of racist police culture that, while not being universal or dominant in local police forces, is probably still fairly common and widespread.</div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjLzpg4YdhQkNcDsmEI-lDS-KrEidQZXtDfcYQXEDXI6mM7pYpcrRqzrHxxcSYxblsYKGYctcrRLT4y7gw7n-QblUQi1WCsj8DGdt4qEkrrrB5_OHWisfWBz_nYiAw3zzhYuBs-g/s960/Diane_Elze.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="960" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjLzpg4YdhQkNcDsmEI-lDS-KrEidQZXtDfcYQXEDXI6mM7pYpcrRqzrHxxcSYxblsYKGYctcrRLT4y7gw7n-QblUQi1WCsj8DGdt4qEkrrrB5_OHWisfWBz_nYiAw3zzhYuBs-g/s320/Diane_Elze.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">My friend Diane Elze engages in her civic duties<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><h3 style="text-align: left;">17) Growth of extremism and intolerance in civil discourse in my culture. Rise of fascism.</h3></div><div>I am concerned about tendencies toward extremism and intolerance in my culture. On the right, there seems to be a more rabid and proto-fascist cult of authoritarianism manifested in the people who practically worship Donald Trump, and the general tendency in the Republican Party to excuse the Trump Administration’s traitorous behaviors. There also seems to be more racist and nationalist behavior and extremism on the far right. To a lesser extent, the Democrats and the far left are mirroring this behavior, and I’m concerned about cancel culture and a tendency toward group-think and identity politics on the left. I have never admired or identified with either the Democrats or Republicans. The Democrats tend to support policies with which I agree about 60% of the time, whereas the Republicans and I agree on policies maybe 10% of the time, so when I can’t vote for a Green candidate, I tend to vote for Democrats, but I do not think people ought to identify with political parties or ideologies. We ought to instead identify by our passions, hobbies, values, beliefs, families, communities, and our professions or trades, and our geographic locations. The tendency of Americans to identify by their political tribe is worrisome to me. I’m especially bothered by the fact that the tribes often suspend critical thinking and just engage in group-think in support of their “cause” or their “tribe” no matter what the facts are.</div><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0EDkhQistoaPpKW8ygt0bIggXA37_kInROC-2mhYJFRmHJFq050-GEABhCSHnWfkwLN08njs_Em27KDQK9RVJ9lhZ1wdI7bYo9XMpCC8hiRXtJM2LWj2C1_iIe6puUP4w4o7p5g/s2048/You_Are_Loved.jpeg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2048" data-original-width="1536" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0EDkhQistoaPpKW8ygt0bIggXA37_kInROC-2mhYJFRmHJFq050-GEABhCSHnWfkwLN08njs_Em27KDQK9RVJ9lhZ1wdI7bYo9XMpCC8hiRXtJM2LWj2C1_iIe6puUP4w4o7p5g/s320/You_Are_Loved.jpeg" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Protester in Springfield, IL<br /></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div><br /></div><div><h3 style="text-align: left;">18) Global erosion of democracy and the rise of nationalism and the authoritarian right. </h3></div><div>I am worried about the growing nationalism in India, Russia, China, Brazil, the Philippines, Hungary, Turkey, Poland, Israel, and of course my own country. These nationalisms are eroding democracy, and in places like India, China, Russia, and the United States they threaten world peace. I’m especially worried about the way the ruling dictatorship in China is promoting hatred and resentment against Europeans, Americans, and Japanese in their education and mass media systems, and I think this sort of virulent nationalism is being promoted in China and other countries to distract the masses from the corruption, incompetence, and miss-management of the political elites. I think this nationalism also makes the public in such societies more susceptible to militarism and justifications for war. <br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPHqMuFfc0JOotKQs3K8OVJb9YaVEB1vQtuIlgq378-wVv-iBerZoYRRGLFO6l_FIM77JN40UErAONnRWy9ssR4JDTHP19PO_e69YUbt87zVPogexjTdzaDK0-_ke-queZI4QDVg/s2048/IMG_4437.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2048" data-original-width="1536" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPHqMuFfc0JOotKQs3K8OVJb9YaVEB1vQtuIlgq378-wVv-iBerZoYRRGLFO6l_FIM77JN40UErAONnRWy9ssR4JDTHP19PO_e69YUbt87zVPogexjTdzaDK0-_ke-queZI4QDVg/s320/IMG_4437.jpg" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><font size="1">Nationalists who went too far in the former Yugoslavia</font><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><h3 style="text-align: left;">19) Sexism.</h3></div><div>I am upset at the continuing sexism oppressing women, and the enduring threats of sexual violence against women, whether in human trafficking for the sex trade, violence against women in the home, honor killings, or rape as a tool of terrorism and warfare. I am angry about the fact that women are paid less than men, with their salaries perhaps being 4% or 5% less than men’s salaries (after controlling for education, type of occupation, tenure in occupation, type of work, and tenure in specific job). I am angry at the injustice that “women’s work” is devalued compared to “men’s work” so that nurses, school teachers, social workers, and others are relatively low-paid. <br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnpwNX5_wvAk-ZxpaS028x8NtYfEV5FhGgySY5KRtjb1DlqICt-79JnDdt6ZpaEeZYuRDCkdWc6bGKYUjV9IaOUu122sJYpY2oDncnRhRrl58wwr2YM7w0Qb7fE_pANg27be9r-Q/s2048/Screbrinca.jpeg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2048" data-original-width="1939" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnpwNX5_wvAk-ZxpaS028x8NtYfEV5FhGgySY5KRtjb1DlqICt-79JnDdt6ZpaEeZYuRDCkdWc6bGKYUjV9IaOUu122sJYpY2oDncnRhRrl58wwr2YM7w0Qb7fE_pANg27be9r-Q/s320/Screbrinca.jpeg" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Grave of a boy who was murdered in Srebrenica. <br /></td></tr></tbody></table><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><h3>20) Degraded natural environment and extinction of species.</h3></div><div>I am distressed by the environmental destruction wrought by humanity beyond the problems of climate change. The bush meat trade, the conversion of rainforests to rangeland, the poaching of rare animals, the exhaustion of fisheries, and other human attacks on ecosystems are causing the extinction of many animal species. <br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLzF2ktboKqG9_uNUhe0ZJA51t-EtXTqkHYpjNSvTQSqTUmhpPuMyLgUYW3RIKQ1EmIJ0xKmiLA2a_8paNLG30EE1G5BiZ1GAH6qKSHXkAyxabZaq1pqf_DekwxiNFwO9M38fisA/s1280/Earth_Day.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1280" data-original-width="949" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLzF2ktboKqG9_uNUhe0ZJA51t-EtXTqkHYpjNSvTQSqTUmhpPuMyLgUYW3RIKQ1EmIJ0xKmiLA2a_8paNLG30EE1G5BiZ1GAH6qKSHXkAyxabZaq1pqf_DekwxiNFwO9M38fisA/s320/Earth_Day.jpg" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Earth Day poster<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><h3 style="text-align: left;">Other Concerns<br /></h3></div><div><br /></div><div>There are many other issues I care about that are not in my top twenty. I think it is crazy that we do not have universal health insurance or universal health care provision here in the United States. That is probably the 21st issue if my list continued. I am bothered by continuing prejudices against persons who are transgender or queer or have other sexuality tendencies or gender identities outside the heterosexual hegemony. I am distressed by religious extremism and fundamentalism in all religions, including my own. I am dismayed by the persecution of my co-coreligionists in Iran. I am opposed to the tyranny and cruelty of the worst governments (in North Korea, and several other countries). I am upset at the cruel injustices against the Uighurs and other Islamic minorities in China, the oppression of the Tibetans, the mistreatment of the Palestinians, the persecution of the Rohingya, the continuing injustices perpetrated against American Indians, and so forth. I am concerned at any attempts to erode the civil rights of Americans by diminishing the protections of the Bill of Rights. I do not think the state should intrude on the rights of women and their doctors to have privacy in their medical decisions (even decisions about terminating pregnancies). All these things also bother me, but they just are not in my top twenty list. <br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div>Eric Hadley-Iveshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07349423480178819276noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19990974.post-25033456156991593092021-03-10T08:56:00.017-08:002021-04-10T19:58:13.425-07:00What to include in an introduction to (history of) alternative and indie music?<p> I'm very fond of music, and I have eclectic tastes. I decorate time with music when it doesn't distract me from other duties, often using classical or ambient music while working, and sometimes using popular music while doing other activities. I was actually a DJ on a small local nonprofit radio station when I was a teenager.</p><p>The music that tends to be most popular usually holds no attraction for me, and most of my favorite popular music is from alternative or independent label musicians. I'm interested in creating a series of podcasts or radio programs in Mandarin Chinese to introduce such music to an audience in Taiwan (and China, perhaps). One of my motives is to help create a market demand for live concerts by the sort of bands that in America would play in venues with audiences of several hundred up to a thousand. The big name bands that can play in huge venues are already known all over the world, and the unknown bands that tour on a shoestring and play to audiences of fewer than a couple hundred can also make a go of it, but the middle-tier popularity bands have a hard time touring in East Asia because they are too famous to tolerate the low returns they would get performing in small venues, but not famous enough to have much of an audience outside of North America, Europe, and Australia/New Zealand/Japan. </p><p>So, what would I include on such a series of podcasts, and what would I say about the songs? For an hour of programming, you need about 48-52 minutes of music, leaving you with 4-6 minutes for explanation/description and another few minutes of station identification, weather, or advertising and public service announcements.</p><h2 style="text-align: left;">Hour 1: The antecedents.</h2><p><u>Garage Band</u> sound:</p><p><b>Louie Louie</b> (Kingsman) 1963 (out of Portland, Oregon—my father went to high school with these guys)</p><p><b>Surfin’ Bird</b> (Trashman) 1963 (out of Minneapolis, Minnesota)</p><p>Sometimes garage bands could break big, as the Kingsman and Trashmen did in 1963. This was "outsider" music at its time, but it had broad appeal.</p><p><u>Independent label</u></p><p><b>Apache</b> (The Ventures) 1962 (out of Tacoma, Washington, recording on the independent label Dolton out of Seattle, Washington)</p><p><b>Pipeline</b> (Dick Dale) 1963 (from Massachusetts and Southern California, started out on his own label, Deltone Records)</p><p>Dick Dale and The Ventures were extremely influential on rock music. </p><p><u>British Invasion</u></p><p><b>You really Got Me</b> (The Kinks) 1964 (London, England). Important because it was loud and super simple. Loud and simple, with a garage band sound, this provides a foundation for the alternative music that was to come later, such as punk music.</p><p><u>Psychedelia and Glam Rock</u></p><p><b>A Dream for Julie </b>(Kaleidoscope) 1967 (London, England), a representative sample of the sort of music called psychedelia, which was extremely popular from 1967-1969, and is associated with popular bands such as The Beatles, Jefferson Airplane, The Jimi Hendrix Experience, and the Moody Blues. This music took a philosophical position, and questioned many assumptions of mainstream culture and music, and thus influenced other artists to write music that challenged the values and assumptions of mainstream world-views.</p><p><b>All Tomorrow's Parties</b> (The Velvet Underground) 1967 (New York City). The Velvet Underground were an influential part of the countercultural music scene, and an important inspiration for many alternative bands that followed. The band was not only musically influential, as the popular uprising to change the Communist government in the Czechoslovakian Republic was called the “Velvet Revolution” partly because many of the activists were very fond of the Velvet Underground. Lou Reed and John Cale, two members of this band, continued to be extremely important in creating innovated sounds and musical forms for decades following.</p><p><b>Ride a White Swan </b>(T. Rex, Marc Bolan) 1970 (London, England), Glam Rock such as the early music of David Bowie and the work of Marc Bolan was extremely popular, and included performances and costuming that questioned presentation of gender. The music and performances were sometimes shocking and outrageous, a characteristic that was also an important ingredient of some early alternative music.</p><p><u>Experimental and Electronica</u></p><p><b>St. Elmo's Fire </b><b> </b>(Brian Eno) 1975 (London, England), Brian Eno was a significant innovator in electronic and guitar music and sounds. He is one of the founders of the ambient music form. He also created innovative popular music that influenced others who were interested in sounds that were different from the mainstream. </p><p><b>Franz Schubert - Endless Endless </b><b> </b>(Kraftwerk) 1977, Synthesizers and electronic music were another part of the alternative approach to music, and Krafwerk basically introduced this sound and approach, which became so influential in the 1980s.</p><p><b>Regiment</b> (Brian Eno & David Byrne) 1981 (New York City). This album was influential for its use of sampled music, and this song uses the voice of Dunya Yunis, a Lebanese mountain singer, whose performance Eno and Byrne found on a world music collection <i>Music in the World of Islam</i>. The mixing of sounds on this album inspired many later artists, and such unusual and experimental music was generally only heard on stations or programming that included alternative and indie, punk and new wave.</p><p><u>American innovators of the 1970s</u></p><p><b>Roadrunner</b> (Jonathan Richman & The Modern Lovers) 1972 (Boston, MA). Jonathan Richman was an example of an eccentric outsider whose music was inspiring to other artists who wanted to do something different. </p><p><b>No More Mr. Nice Guy</b> (Alice Cooper) 1973 (Phoenix, AZ, with roots in Detroit, Michigan). Alice Cooper was a mainstream popular band, but like the glam rock of England, the band used unusual costuming and stage performances that were described as “Shock Rock”. Their songs and performances were critical of mainstream values and institutions.</p><p><b>Marquee Moon</b> (Television) 1977 (New York City). Television were important influence on punk and alternative music, especially with their emphasis on basic guitar sounds. </p><h2>Hour 2: Early Indie and Punk in the USA</h2><p><u>Loud, Dirty, Rock</u></p><p>Two important groups who brought the earlier forms of popular music toward the underground and alternative side are the Stooges and the New York Dolls. In particular, Iggy Pop, the leader of the Stooges, is sometimes credited with starting the punk music scene in the United States. Sometimes the New York Dolls are credited with this. At any rate, we will hear an early Stooges song from 1969, a mid-70s song from Iggy Pop as a solo artist without the Stooges, and an example of what the New York Dolls sounded like around 1973. These artists are known for a raw, loud sound, and their powerful influence on subsequent bands that shaped American punk and rock-n-roll in the late 1970s through the 1980s.</p><p><b>I Wanna Be Your Dog </b>(The Stooges) 1969 (Detroit, Michigan), </p><p><b>The Passenger </b>(Iggy Pop) 1977 (Detroit, Michigan), </p><p><b>Personality Crisis </b>(New York Dolls) 1973 (New York City), </p><h3 style="text-align: left;"> The influence of the CBGB music venue in New York City.</h3><p>The CBGB music club in Manhattan, New York City (1973-2006) was originally intended as a venue for country, bluegrass, and blues music. However, in the mid-late 1970s it was the place where many of the punk and new wave bands played. In the 1980s it became more known as a venue for the eighties style punk music and hardcore punk, a form of punk that was very angry, fast, and masculine. This is where bands like the Ramones, Blondie, The Talking Heads, the Cramps, and the Fleshtones performed. The Damned, one of the first punk bands out of the British punk movement first played in America at CBGB. The genre of punk when it first appeared in America was not always as angry, fast, and loud as it became later in the 1980s. The following songs give a sense of the diversity of the New York punk sound in the mid-to-late 1970s:</p><p><b>Blitzkrieg Bop </b>(The Ramones) 1976 (New York City), </p><p><b>Heart of Glass </b>(Blondie) 1978 (New York City), </p><p><b>Mind </b>(Talking Heads) 1979 (New York City), </p><b>Animals </b>(Talking Heads) 1979 (New York City), <div><br /></div><div>Those last two songs are from the Talking Heads, another extremely influential band. The next two songs are by the Cramps, a band that, like the Ramones who opened the previous set, played a simple style of music that was trying to get at the attractive basics of rock-n-role as it existed in the 1950s or early 1960s. In fact, the second Cramps song I’ll play (Green Door) is a cover of a 1956 song. The Cramps are notable also for being one of the first bands to sign with the I.R.S. record label. The punk and alternative and indie forms of popular music initially represented bands creating their own labels, rather than working with the major music industry companies, and I.R.S. was one of the early record labels set up to record, produce, and market this music. I.R.S. is what would be known as an independent label, like the Dolton label the Ventures had used for their music, or the Deltone label Dick Dale created for his music. <br /><div><br /></div><div><b>The Mad Daddy</b> (the Cramps) 1979 (New York City). Illegal Records label was a precursor of I.R.S. label (Stewart Copeland involved with both). </div><div><br /></div><div><b>The Green Door</b> (the Cramps) 1981 (New York City). An early record on the I.R.S. label.</div><br /><div><b>Blue Mask </b>(Lou Reed) 1981 (New York City), </div><div><br /></div><div>That last song, Blue Mask, was the title cut from an album Lou Reed released with the major label RCA in 1981. Lou Reed had been part of the Velvet Underground, and this song represents the fact that by the early 1980s, major record labels were signing artists from the underground, new wave, and punk scenes, and some of the earlier founders of alternative popular music were, while not becoming mainstream, at least gaining a wider audience.</div><h3 style="text-align: left;">Punk, West Coast and Washington, DC</h3><div>The punk genre was one of the main streams of counter-cultural popular music that evolved into alternative rock. It was thriving all around the country by the end of the 1970s and early 1980s. Here is a song by the extremely influential San Francisco band Dead Kennedys, whose overtly political songs inspired fans all over the world who enjoyed radical or anarchist politics with their anarchic loud punk music. On the other side of the continent, in Washington, DC the independent record label Dischord, which is still in business, was a leading source for the louder and noisier forms of punk that became hardcore, and, in the case of this song by the Rites of Spring, you can hear one of the earliest examples of the form of music that became “emo”, named for its extremely raw emotional lyrics and singing style. </div><div><br /></div><div><div><b>Holiday in Cambodia </b>(the Dead Kennedys) 1980 (San Francisco), a “political punk” band</div><br /><div><b>Hidden Wheel </b>(Rites of Spring) 1985 (Washington, DC), probably deserves to be called the first “emo” band.</div></div><div><br /></div><div>Just as punk was becoming louder, faster, and more male-dominated, other punk artists or those attracted to punk started becoming more proficient at playing their instruments, started playing with more pop sensibilities and more accessible melodies, and as a result, began to gain a wider audience. The phenomenon of music videos and an early cable network station that played music videos all the time (MTV) also exposed Americans who lived far from the cultural centers where more innovative artists were developing new sounds, to music unlike what they could hear on the their local radio stations. For American young people living in rural areas or small cities, unless they had a college station they could listen to with their radios, just about the only way they could hear music like this was on the MTV network, which occasionally put videos by new wave or alternative artists into their play rotation, and eventually established a special program to feature such music for a couple hours each week. </div><div><br /></div><div>Wall of Voodoo and the Go-Gos are two Los Angeles representatives of this Post-Punk or “New Wave” sound that was capable of attracting a mass audience. R.E.M., out of the college town of Athens, Georgia, also played a form of accessible music that owed more to folk music than to the angry, loud punk music that was popular, but this form was so unlike the type of music that then dominated the radios, that it all was grouped together as alternative music. While these bands started out obscure and unknown, and the Go-Gos were certainly in the “punk” genre when they started out, some of this music caught the public’s attention and generated hits for the artists. The Go-Gos were near the top of the popular music charts in 1982 with Vacation, and R.E.M. eventually became huge, playing to stadiums. Other massively popular bands such as U2 started out this way, initially touring North America playing in small college campus venues, and ending up among the elite super-famous musical leaders in culture.</div><h3 style="text-align: left;">Diversity in Post-Punk and New Wave and Alternative music in the early 1980s</h3><div><div><b>Animal Day </b>(Wall of Voodoo) 1980 (Los Angeles), Post-punk New Wave</div><div><br /></div><div><b>Vacation </b>(the Go Gos) 1982 (Los Angeles), American New Wave music</div><br /><div><b>Radio Free Europe </b>(R.E.M.) 1983 (Athens, Georgia), Post-punk alternative music (folk influences)</div></div></div><div><br /></div><div><h2><br class="Apple-interchange-newline" />Hour 3: The take off of independent and punk music in the UK.</h2><p>In the United Kingdom, as in the United States, many musicians and aspiring musicians were deeply dissatisfied with the forms of rock-and-roll that were popular on the radio. The dominance of easy listening, progressive rock, disco, and vapid popular music irritated these persons, and as did the control of the major recording labels over what was marketed to the public.</p><p>Throughout the United Kingdom, some of these artists formed garage bands, or they started building their own electronic instruments, or they innovated with new forms of sound and approaches to music. At the same time, many people who liked this approach, and wanted to escape the dominance of the major record labels, or else had no chance of catching the attention of record company executives, started creating their own recording studios and record labels. Punk music was an important part of this trend, but a wide variety of artists adopted the do-it-yourself attitude and countercultural rejection of mainstream music while creating music that sounded nothing like the punk music of such famous bands as The Sex Pistols or The Clash. </p><p>This first song is by the Clash, one of these bands that was vocal in its criticism of major record labels. The song <i>Complete Control</i> complains about the way record labels mistreated the musical artists who signed contracts with the music industry giants. After <i>Complete Control</i> by the Clash, we’ll hear <i>Boredom</i> by the Buzzcocks, a band that was the first one to establish their own independent label (the New Hormones label) to pay for the pressing and distribution of their <i>Spiral Scratch</i> extended play record. The song was recorded in a short (three hour) session, and mixed in about two hours, and then master tapes were taken to be pressed into vinyl. So, let us now hear a song by a major label punk band complaining about artists being mistreated, and a song by punk artists who were doing it all on their own without the help of a big record label company. </p><div><b>Complete Control </b>(The Clash) 1977 (London, England), Punk song criticizing the behavior of CBS Records. </div><div><br /></div><div><b>Boredom </b>(the Buzzcocks) 1977 (Manchester, England), one of the first UK punk albums, and the first one a band made on their own label. </div></div><div><br /></div><div>X-Ray Spex were one of the early punk bands, the led singer was a woman, who went by the name Poly Styrene. She is one of the first in a line of women who have enjoyed the loud and angry sounds of punk and alternative music. The saxophonist was a 16-year old girl named Susan Whitby. This song is an attack on consumerism, which is described as bondage, as if persons deluded by capitalism and the pursuit of consumer goods are engaged in a masochistic fetish. After this song from 1977, we hear a 1979 song by the post-punk band Gang of Four, expressing similar sentiments about the failures of capitalism and consumerism.</div><div><br /></div><div><div><div><b>Oh Bondage (Up Yours) </b>(X-Ray Spex) 1977 (London, England)</div><div><br /></div><div><b>Natural’s Not In It </b>(Gang of Four) 1979 (Leeds, England)</div></div><div><br /></div><div><b>Convincing People </b>(Throbbing Gristle) 1979 (Kingston upon Hull, England)</div><div><br /></div><div><div>We are continuing now with some of this innovative music that was coming out on small, independent labels in the late 1970s and early 1980s. <br class="Apple-interchange-newline" /><br /></div><div><b>Interzone </b>(Joy Division) 1979 (Salford, England)</div><b><br class="Apple-interchange-newline" />Temptation </b>(New Order) 1979 (Manchester, England)</div><div><br /></div><div><b>Electricity</b> (Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark) 1980 (Liverpool area, England). Dindisc Records</div><div><br /></div><div><b>Read It In Books</b> (Echo and the Bunnymen) 1979 (Liverpool, England). Zoo Records</div><div><br /></div><div><b>Honey Mad Woman</b> (The Raincoats) 1983 (London, England). Rough Trade label.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>Felicity</b> (Orange Juice) 1982 (Glasgow, Scotland). Postcard Records.</div></div><div><br /></div><div><b>I Melt With You</b> (Modern English) 1982 (Colchester, England). 4AD Records (Beggars Banquet)</div><div><br /></div><div><b>Ghost Town</b> (The Specials) 1981 (Coventry, England). 2 Tone Records</div><div> </div><div><b>Ranking Full Stop</b> (The English Beat) 1979 (Birmingham, England. 2 Tone Records / Go Feet Records (Go Feet was a label created by the Beat to produce and sell their records).</div><div><br /></div><div><b>New Life</b> (Depeche Mode) 1981 (London's far eastern suburbs, England) Mute Records. British Synthpop initially also came out of independent labels. </div><div><br /></div><div><h2>Hour 4: More Post-Punk and Do-It-Yourself music out of the UK</h2><p><b>I Don't Know What To Do With My Life</b> (The Buzzcocks) 1979</p><p><b>Love Will Tear Us Apart</b> (Joy Division) 1979</p><p><b>Bunker Soldiers</b> (Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark) 1980</p><p><b>Second Skin</b> (The Chameleons) 1983</p><p><b>Eighties</b> (Killing Joke) 1984</p><p><b>Blue Monday</b> (New Order) 1983</p><p><b>(This Is Not A) Love Song</b> (Public Image Limited) 1983</p><p><b>No Bulbs 3</b> (The Fall) 1984</p><p><b>Rusholme Ruffians</b> (The Smiths) 1984</p><p><b>The Cutter</b> (Echo & The Bunnymen) 1985</p><p><b>Ocean Rain</b> (Echo & The Bunnymen) 1984</p><p><b>I Promise</b> (Radiohead) 1997</p><h2>Hour 5: College Radio Music</h2><p><b>Genius of Love</b> (Tom Tom Club) 1981</p><p><b>These Dangerous Machines</b> (Martha and the Muffins) 1983</p><p><b>Seven Chinese Brothers</b> (R.E.M.) 1984</p><p><b>Alex Chilton</b> (The Replacements) 1987</p><p><b>Take the Skinheads Bowling</b> (Camper Van Beethoven) 1985</p><p><b>Don't Let's Start</b> (They Might Be Giants) 1985</p><p><b>When Men Were Trains</b> (Big Dipper) 1987</p><p><b>Boy</b> (Book of Love) 1986</p><p><b>Years Later</b> (Cactus World News) 1986</p><p><b>Why Are You Being so Reasonable Now?</b> (The Wedding Present) 1987</p><p><b>I Love Hot Nights</b> (Jonathan Richman) 1987</p><p><b>Here Comes Your Man</b> (Pixies) 1990</p><p><b>So You Think You're In Love</b> (Robyn Hitchcock & the Egyptians) 1991</p><p><b>Not Too Soon</b> (Throwing Muses) 1991</p></div><div><h2>Hour 6: Punk, Pop-Punk, Riot Grrrl</h2><p><u><i>Punk wasn’t necessarily “hardcore” yet</i></u></p><p><b>Where Next Columbus?</b> (Crass) 1981</p><p><b>Run Like A Villain</b> (Iggy Pop) 1982</p><p><u><i>Southern California</i></u></p><p><b>TV Party</b> (Black Flag) 1981</p><p><b>The Hammer Hits The Nail</b> (The Flesh Eaters) 1983</p><p><b>The Cheerleaders</b> (Minutemen) 1985</p><p><u><i>Washington DC, Dischord Records, Ian MacKaye</i></u></p><p><b>Minor Threat</b> (Minor Threat) 1984</p><p><b>Waiting Room</b> (Fugazi) 1989</p><p><i><u>Twin Cities and Midwest</u></i></p><p><b>Love Is the Law</b> (The Suburbs) 1982</p><p><b>Guns at My School</b> (Hüsker Dü) 1981</p><p><b>Chartered Trips</b> (Hüsker Dü) 1984</p><p><b>I Can't Hardly Wait</b> (The Replacements) 1985</p><p><b>Heartbeat</b> (Big Black) 1987</p><p><u><i>The 90s. Emo and Riot Grrrl</i></u></p><p><b>In Circles</b> (Sunny Day Real Estate) 1994</p><p><b>Rebel Girl</b> (Bikini Kill) 1993</p><p><b>Get Up</b> (Sleater-Kinney) 1999</p><p><br /></p><h2>Hour 7: Grunge, 1990s, Pacific Northwest</h2><p><u><i>Early influences (from Massachusetts!) KAOS-fm radio and Calvin Johnson</i></u><i><u> </u></i></p><p><b>Out There</b> (Dinosaur Jr.) 1993</p><p><b>Feel the Pain</b> (Dinosaur Jr.) 1994</p><p><b>Good Enough</b> (Mudhoney) 1991</p><p><b>Cry for a Shadow</b> (Beat Happening) 1991</p><p><i><u>Seattle</u></i></p><p><b>Smells Like Teen Spirit</b> (Nirvana) 1991</p><p><b>All Apologies</b> (Nirvana) 1993</p><p><b>Spoonman</b> (Soundgarden) 1994</p><p><b>Better Man</b> (Pearl Jam) 1994</p><p><i><u>California</u></i></p><p><b>Interstate Love Song</b> (Stone Temple Pilots) 1994</p><p><b>Doll Parts</b> (Hole) 1994</p><p><i><u>Idaho</u></i></p><p><b>Big Dipper</b> (Built to Spill) 1994</p><p><b>Untrustable / Part 2 </b>(Built to Spill) 1997</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><h2>Hour 8: 1990s Alternative</h2><p><u><i>UK early 1990s popular on College Radio in the USA</i></u></p><p><b>Tonight I Fancy Myself</b> (The Beautiful South) 1990. From Hull, England</p><p><b>Right Here, Right Now</b> (Jesus Jones) 1990. From Wiltshire, England</p><p><b>Grey Cell Green</b> (Ned's Atomic Dustbin) 1991. From Stourbridge, near Birmingham, England</p><p><b>Yr Own World</b> (Blue Airplanes) 1991. From Bristol, England</p></div><div><u><i>Early 90s American Sounds that weren't grunge</i></u></div><div><br /></div><div><b>And Hiding Away</b> (The Innocence Mission) 1991. From Lancaster, Pennsylvania</div><p><b>Fortune Cookie Prize</b> (Beat Happening) 1992. From Olympia, Washington</p><p><b>Line Song</b> (Shrimp Boat) 1993. From Chicago, Illinois</p><div><u><i>Feeling Down in the mid-90s?</i></u></div><div><br /></div><div><b>Loser</b> (Beck) 1993. From Southern California</div><div><b>Self-Esteem</b> (The Offspring) 1994. From Southern California</div><div><div><b>All the Umbrellas in London</b> (The Magnetic Fields) 1995. From Boston, Massachusetts </div></div><div><b>Snare, Girl</b> (Sonic Youth) 1998. New York City </div><div><br /></div><div><u><i>Late 1990s</i></u></div><div><br /></div><div><b>Date with Ikea</b> (Pavement) 1997. From New York City </div><div><b>Randy Described Eternity</b> (Built to Spill) 1997 (but play the version from <i>Live</i>, 2000). From Boise, Idaho</div><div><br /></div><div><div><h2>Hour 9: Accessible (Beautiful) Alternative Music</h2><p><u><i>The 1980s</i></u></p><p><b>Avalon</b> (Roxy Music) 1982. From London, England</p><p><b>Down on Mission Street</b> (Lloyd Cole and the Commotions) 1984. From Glasgow, Scotland</p><p><b>Among the Americans</b> (10,000 Maniacs) 1985. From Jamestown, New York</p><p><b>Up On The Sun</b> (The Meat Puppets) 1985. From Phoenix, Arizona</p><p><b>You</b> (Tuxedomoon) 1987. From San Francisco, California</p><p><b>Birthday</b> (The Sugar Cubes) 1988. From Reykjavik, Iceland</p><p><b>You Keep It All In</b> (The Beautiful South) 1989. From Hull, England</p></div><div><u><i>The 1990s</i></u></div><div><br /></div><div><b>The Guitar (The Lion Sleeps Tonight)</b> (They Might Be Giants) 1992. From New York City</div><p><b>Angels with Dirty Faces</b> (Los Lobos) 1993. From Los Angeles, California</p><p><b>Mustard</b> (Latin Playboys) 1999. From Los Angeles, California</p><p><b>Sylvia</b> (Creeper Lagoon) 1997. From San Francisco, California</p><p><b>Is It Wicked Not To Care?</b> (Belle & Sebastian) 1998. From Glasgow, Scotland</p><p><b>Virginia Reel Around the Fountain</b> (The Halo Benders) 1998. From Boise, Idaho and Olympia, Washington.</p><p><br /></p><h2>Hour 10: The New Millennium </h2><p><u><i>1999 </i></u></p><p><b>Millennium Cars</b> (Keith Secola) 1999. Ojibwa singer from Cook, Minnesota</p><p><b>Waitin' for a Superman (Is it Getting Heavy?)</b> (the Flaming Lips) 1999. From Oklahoma City, Oklahoma</p><p><b>Carry the Zero</b> (Built to Spill) 1999. From Boise, Idaho</p><p><b>Else</b> (Built to Spill) 1999. From Boise, Idaho</p></div><div><p><u><i>2000 </i></u></p><p><b>Balls</b> (Sparks) 2000. From Southern California </p><p><b>Legal Man</b> (Belle & Sebastian) 2000. From Glasgow, Scotland</p><p><b>The New You</b> (Tim Keegan & Departure Lounge) 2000. From London, England</p><p><b>The Littlest Birds</b> (The Be Good Tanyas) 2000. From Vancouver, British Columbia</p><p><b>The Sailor in Love with the Sea</b> (The 6ths) 2000. From Massachusetts (Stephin Merritt)</p><p><b>Bohemian Like You</b> (The Dandy Warhols) 2000. From Portland, Oregon</p><p><u><i>Later On</i></u></p><p><b>Elephant Song</b> (Sky Cries Mary) 2003. From Seattle, Washington</p><p><b>Museum of Idiots</b> (They Might Be Giants) 2004. From New York City</p><p><b>One Chance</b> (Modest Mouse) 2004. From Seattle and Portland</p><p><br /></p></div><div><h2>Hour 11: Below the Equator</h2><p><u><i>New Zealand (and Flying Nun Records)</i></u></p><p><b>Six Months in a Leaky Boat</b> (Split Enz) 1982.</p><p><b>Loving Grapevine</b> (Jean-Paul Sartre Experience) 1986.</p><p><b>The Crying Room</b> (David Mitchell and Denise Roughen) 1996.</p><p><b>The Record Store</b> (The Brunettes) 2004.</p><p><b>The Sun</b> (The Naked and Famous) 2010.</p><p><u><i>Australia</i></u></p><p><b>Don't Change</b> (INXS) 1983. </p><p><b>Right Here</b> (The Go-Betweens) 1987.</p><p><b>Beds Are Burning</b> (Midnight Oil) 1987.</p><p><b>I'm a Believer</b> (Anita Lane) 1993.</p><p><b>Beautiful Trash</b> (Lanu) 2007. ( Lance Ferguson is originally from New Zealand)</p><p><b>Morning Song</b> (The Babe Rainbow) 2019.</p><p><u><i>South Africa</i></u></p><p><b>Bafana Bafana</b> (Cop On the Edge) 2010. </p><p><b>Fire Is Low</b> (Freshlyground) 2010. </p><p><b>Down South</b> (Jeremy Loops) 2015.</p><p><br /></p><h2>Hour 12: Europe in the 80s </h2><p><u><i>Electronic, </i></u><i><u>Industrial, and Experimental</u></i></p><p><b>Cars</b> (Gary Numan) 1979. From London, England</p><p><b>Collapsing New People</b> (Fad Gadget) 1985. From London, England</p><p><b>Yü-Gung</b> (Einstürzende Neubauten) 1985. From Berlin, Germany</p><p><b>Headhunter</b> (Front 242) 1988. From Belgium</p><p><b>Sympathy for the Devil (Dem Teufel Zugeneigt) </b>(Laibach) 1989. From Slovenia</p><p><i><u>More Mainstream and Popular</u></i></p><p><b>Up On The Catwalk</b> (Simple Minds) 1984. From Glasgow, Scotland</p><p><b>Marcia Baila</b> (Les Rita Mitsouko) 1985. From Paris, France</p><p><b>Ask</b> (The Smiths) 1986. From Manchester, England</p><p><b>Just Like Heaven</b> (The Cure) 1987. From Crawley, West Sussex, England</p><p><i><u>Björk in the 1990s</u></i></p><p><b>Human Behavior</b> (Björk) 1993. From Reykjavik, Iceland</p><p><i><u>Covering 1980s Alternative Songs decades later</u></i></p><p><b>Fade to Grey</b> (Nouvelle Vague) 2006. From Paris, France</p><p><br /></p><p><span style="font-size: 24px; font-weight: bold;">Hour 13: New York City</span></p></div><div><p><u><i>Introduction to the New York City scene</i></u></p><p><b>Chinatown</b> (Luna) 1995. </p><p><u><i>The 2000s</i></u></p><p><b>You Only Live Once</b> (The Strokes) 2005. </p><p><b>Forever Song</b> (Mosquitos) 2003. </p><p><b>Don't Tell Them</b> (Paul Brill) 2006. </p><p><b>Someone Great</b> (LCD Soundsystem) 2007.</p><p><b>Two Weeks</b> (Grizzly Bear) 2009.</p><p><b>Laughing With</b> (Regina Spektor) 2009.</p><p><b>Knotty Pine </b>(Dirty Projectors & David Byrne) 2009.</p></div><div><u><i>The 2010s</i></u></div><div><p><b>Tragically Alright</b> (Ex-Cops featuring Ariel Pink) 2014. </p><p><b>Give Me Just A Minute</b> (Computer Magic) 2015. </p><p><b>Crying in the Sunshine</b> (Miniature Tigers) 2017. </p><p><b>Seventeen</b> (Sharon Van Etten) 2019.</p><p><u><i>We are in the 20s now</i></u></p></div><p><b>Overlord</b> (Dirty Projectors) 2020. </p><p><b>Everything is Gonna Be All Right </b>(Infinity Song) 2020.</p><p><br /></p><div><p><span style="font-size: 24px; font-weight: bold;">Hour 14: East Coast </span></p></div><div><p><u><i>Vampire Weekend and Rostam (New York City, but Rostam lives in Los Angeles now)</i></u></p><p><b>A-Punk</b> (Vampire Weekend) 2008. </p><p><b>Bike Dream</b> (Rostam) 2017. </p><p><b>Rich Man</b> (Vampire Weekend) 2019</p><p><i><u>New England</u></i></p><p><b>Gigantic</b> (Pixies) 1988. From Boston, Massachusetts</p><p><b>Art Isn't Real (City of Sin)</b> (Deer Tick) 2007. From Providence, Rhode Island</p><p><b>Sleepyhead</b> (Passion Pit) 2008. From Cambridge, Massachusetts</p><p><b>Just One Look</b> (The Derevolutions) 2018. From Boston, Massachusetts</p><p><u><i>Have Some Fun</i></u></p><p><b>Considering A Move To Memphis</b> (The Colorblind James Experience) 1987. From Rochester, New York</p><p><b>Every Hour Here</b> (Innocence Mission) 1991. From Lancaster, Pennsylvania</p><p><b>Ohm</b> (Yo La Tengo) 2013. From Hoboken, New Jersey</p><p><u><i>Mid-Atlantic</i></u></p><p><b>Arpeggiator</b> (Fugazi) 1998. From Washington, DC</p><p><b>Shade And Hone</b>y (Sparklehorse) 2006. From Richmond, Virginia</p><p><b>Easy</b> (Thao with The Get Down Stay Down) 2009. From Falls Church, Virginia (now relocated to San Francisco)</p><p><br /></p><div><p><span style="font-size: 24px; font-weight: bold;">Hour 15: Canada</span></p></div><div><p><u><i>The 2000s, Anglophone Canada</i></u></p><p><b>Anthems For a Seventeen Year Old Girl</b> (Broken Social Scene) 2003. Toronto, Ontario</p><p><b>Precious Metals</b> (Russian Futurists) 2003. Toronto, Ontario</p><p><b>Haiti</b> (Arcade Fire) 2004. Montreal, Quebec</p><p><b>Sing Me Spanish Techno</b> (The New Pornographers) 2005. Vancouver, British Columbia</p><p><b>Jamelia</b> (Caribou) 2010. Hamilton, Ontario</p><p><u><i>What about Francophone Canada? (it is more “pop” than alternative)</i></u></p><p><b>Montréal</b> (Ariane Moffatt) 2005. Montreal, Quebec</p><p><b>Tourne encore</b> (Salomé Leclerc) 2011. Sainte-Françoise, Quebec</p><p><b>Rêves d'été</b> (Laurence Nerbonne) 2015. Gatineau, Quebec</p><span style="font-style: italic; text-decoration: underline;">The 10's in Anglophone Canada</span><p><b>The Lamb</b> (Little Scream) 2011. Montreal, Quebec</p><p><b>Da Dunda</b> (Slam Dunk) 2012. Victoria, British Columbia</p><p><b>Amerika</b> (Wintersleep) 2016. Halifax, Nova Scotia</p><p><b>Utopia</b> (Austra) 2017. Toronto, Ontario</p><p><b>Saved by a Waif</b> (Alvvays) 2017. Toronto, Ontario (but from Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island)</p><p><b>Texas</b> (Jennifer Castle) 2018. Toronto, Ontario</p><p></p></div><p><br /></p><div><p><span style="font-size: 24px; font-weight: bold;">Hour 16: The American South</span></p></div><div><p><i><u>Rockabilly and Psychobilly</u></i></p><p><b>Bales of Cocaine</b> (Reverend Horton Heat) 1993. From Dallas, Texas</p><div><p><b>Deja Varoom</b> (Southern Culture on the Skids) 1997. From Chapel Hill, North Carolina</p><p><i><u>College Towns</u></i></p><div><b>A Thousand Years</b> (Azure Ray) 2002. From Athens, Georgia</div><div><p><b>Id Engager</b> (Of Montreal) 2008. From Athens, Georgia</p></div><p><b>Ain’t No Rest for the Wicked</b> (Cage the Elephant) 2009. From Bowling Green, Kentucky (but they have relocated to London, England)</p><p><b>Digging for Something</b> (Superchunk) 2010. From Chapel Hill, North Carolina</p><p><i><u>Deep South</u></i></p><p><b>Song Against Sex</b> (Neutral Milk Hotel) 1996. From Ruston, Louisiana</p><div><b>Slave to the South</b> (The Weeks) 2011. From Florence, Mississippi</div><div><p><b>Can’t Hold On </b> (The Black Lips) 2017. From Atlanta, Georgia</p></div><div><i><u>Cultural Meccas</u></i></div><div><b><br /></b></div><div><b>Becky</b> (Be Your Own Pet) 2008. From Nashville, Tennessee</div><p><b>Hungry Ghost</b> (Hurray for the Riff Raff) 2017. From New Orleans, Louisiana</p><p><i><u>Texas and Oklahoma</u></i></p><p><b>Do You Realize</b> (The Flaming Lips) 2002. From Oklahoma City, Oklahoma</p></div></div></div><div><div><p><b>Actor Out of Work</b> (St. Vincent) 2009. From Dallas, Texas</p></div></div><div><i><u>Alternative Country</u></i></div><div><div><div><p><b>Champaign, Illinois</b> (Old 97's, covering a song written by Bob Dylan and Carl Perkins) 2010. From Dallas, Texas</p></div><b>Thoughts and Prayers</b> (Drive-By Truckers) 2020. From Athens, Georgia</div><div><b><br /></b></div><div><b>War</b> (Waxahatchee) 2020. From Birmingham, Alabama</div><p><br /></p><div><p><span style="font-size: 24px; font-weight: bold;">Hour 17: The Midwest</span></p></div><div><p><u><i>Illinois in the 1990s; Alternative Country, Synth-pop, and Emo.</i></u></p><div><p>In the 1980s and early 1990s Chicago was the scene where House Music (alternative Dance music) was emerging, and it would go on to strongly influence electronic dance music, trance, and various global forms of dance music. While not as significant to global culture as New York’s contribution of Hip-Hop and rap (rap itself is influenced from the toasting of Jamaican DJs), the people of Chicago can justly be proud of that form of alternative music. But, alternative and independent music as we are exploring in this series holds closer to rock, punk, folk, synth pop, and country. What was going on in Chicago in the 1990s? Well, one thing going on was a flourishing of a punk-country or alternative country form, exemplified by WILCO and The Waco Brothers (whose members include several members of the Mekons, a first wave punk band from England that had relocated to Chicago). </p><p><b>Plenty Tough Union Made</b> (The Waco Brothers) 1995. From Chicago, Illinois (I'll play the 2020 version from the <i>Resist</i> album)</p><p><b>Can’t Stand It</b> (WILCO) 1999. From Chicago, Illinois</p><p>Other stuff going on in the late 1990s, included emo music, ("emo" for "emotional"). This was a widespread alternative genre, and I want to share an example from Braid, a band out of Central Illinois, where I have lived for the past couple decades. But first, the retro-New Wave sound from the Pulsars, two brothers from the Chicago area, singing about their pet robot. Science fiction has been a frequent theme in some alternative music forms. </p><p><b>My Pet Robot</b> (The Pulsars) 1997. From Chicago, Illinois</p><div><p><b>Milwaukee Sky Rocket</b> (Braid) 1998. From Champaign-Urbana, Illinois</p><p><i><u>Indiana and Ohio</u></i></p><p><b>Takmit</b> (Saintseneca) 2014. From Columbus, Ohio</p><p><b>Anthropocene</b> (Peter Oren) 2017. From Bloomington, Indiana</p><p><b>Maria</b> (Frances Luke Accord) 2018. From South Bend, Indiana</p><p><b>Trees We Couldn't Tell the Size of</b> (wished bone) 2019. From Athens, Ohio</p><p><i><u>The National</u></i></p><p><b>Carin at the Liquor Store</b> (The National) 2017. From Cincinnati, Ohio</p><p><b>Turtleneck</b> (The National) 2017. From Cincinnati, Ohio</p><p><i><u>Northern bands</u></i></p><p><b>Holocene</b> (Bon Iver) 2011. From Eau Claire, Wisconsin</p><p><b>You Were Born</b> (Cloud Cult) 2010. From Duluth, Minnesota</p><p><b>Mississippi</b> (The Cactus Blossoms) 2016. From Minneapolis, Minnesota</p><p><b>Concerning The UFO Sighting Near Highland, Illinois</b> (Sufjan Stevens) 2005. From Michigan, but he has lived in New York since the late 1990s)</p><p>We will conclude this episode with two more from Chicago. Andrew Bird is a classically trained musician with a degree in violin performance, who seems to be involved in almost all forms of music and an unimaginably wide range of instruments. We will hear his 2007 meditation on the course of history and the end of empires, Scythian Empires. Then, we will hear a song from OK Go, who are now based in Los Angeles, California, but got their start in Chicago, and you may have seen their videos, which are often attention-grabbing.</p><p><b>Scythian Empires</b> (Andrew Bird) 2007. From Chicago, Illinois</p><p><b>This Too Shall Pass</b> (OK Go) 2010. From Chicago, Illinois</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><div><p><span style="font-size: 24px; font-weight: bold;">Hour 18: The </span><span style="font-size: large;"><b>Pacific Northwest</b></span></p></div><div><p><u><i>Washington State</i></u></p><div><p><b> Every Iceburg Is Afire</b> (Sky Cries Mary) 1995. From Seattle, Washington</p><p><b>No Sunlight</b> (Death Cab For Cutie) 2008. From Bellingham, Washington</p><p><b>Helplessness Blues</b> (Fleet Foxes) 2011. From Seattle, Washington</p><p><u><i>Portland</i></u></p><p><b>The Dandy Warhols' T.V. Theme...</b> (The Dandy Warhols) 1995. From Portland, Oregon</p><p><b>Oakland</b> (Genders) 2013. From Portland, Oregon (bands with the same name exist in Texas and Israel)</p><p><b>Chinese Translation</b> (M. Ward) 2006. From Portland, Oregon</p><p><b>Mystic Isle</b> (Jared Mees) 2017. From Portland, Oregon</p><p><b>Wide Role</b> (Rose City Band) 2019. From Portland, Oregon</p><p><u><i>Doug Martsch and Built to Spill</i></u></p><p><b>Stay</b> (Doug Martsch) 2002. From Boise, Idaho</p><p><b>Goin' Against Your Mind</b> (Built To Spill) 2006. From Boise, Idaho</p><p> <b>Liar</b> (Built To Spill) 2006. From Boise, Idaho</p><p><b>Aisle 13</b> (Built To Spill) 2009. From Boise, Idaho</p><p><br /></p></div></div><div><p><span style="font-size: 24px; font-weight: bold;">Hour 19: California and the Southwest</span></p></div><div><p><u><i>Early stuff</i></u></p><div><p><b>Jane Says</b> (Jane's Addiction) 1987.</p></div></div><p><b>Buddy Holly</b> (Weezer) 1994.</p><p><b>Short Skirt/Long Jacket</b> (Cake) 2002.</p><p><i><u>Intelligent</u></i></p><p><b>Letter From Belgium</b> (The Mountain Goats) 2004.</p><p><b>New Roman Times</b> (Camper Van Beethoven) 2004.</p><p><b>My Family's Role In The World Revolution</b> (Beirut) 2007.</p><p><u><i>Bay Area</i></u></p><p><b>Hey World (Remote Control Version)</b> (Michael Franti & Spearhead) 2009.</p><p><b>Bizness</b> (tUnE-yArDs) 2011. From Oakland, California</p><p><b>Palmreader</b> (Sonny & The Sunsets) 2013. From San Francisco</p><p><u><i>Southern California</i></u></p><p><b>Cloudlight</b> (Eskmo) 2010. From Los Angeles (but originally from Connecticut)</p><p><b>Sometime Around Midnight</b> (The Airborne Toxic Event) 2009.</p><p><b>Simple Song</b> (The Shins) 2012.</p><p><b>Ends of the Earth</b> (Lord Huron) 2013.</p><p><br /></p><div><p><span style="font-size: 24px; font-weight: bold;">Hour 20: The United Kingdom</span></p></div><div><p><u><i>The 80s</i></u></p><div><p><b>Song to the Siren </b>(This Mortal Coil) 1984.</p><p><b>Do It Anyway</b> (Woodentops) 1985.</p><p><b>One Great Thing</b> (Big Country) 1986.</p><p><b>You Trip Me Up</b> (The Jesus & Mary Chain) 1985.</p><p><b>Hit the North, Part 1</b> (The Fall) 1988.</p><p><b>Powder Keg</b> (The Fall) 1996.</p><p><u><i>The 90s</i></u></p><p><b>Brimful Of Asha</b> (Cornershop) 1997.</p><p><b>I Don’t Love Anyone</b> (Belle & Sebastian) 1999.</p><p><u><i>The 10s</i></u></p><p><b>Are Friends Electric?</b> (Gary Numan) 1979 (this version is from 2012).</p><p><b>Fireside</b> (Arctic Monkeys) 2013.</p><p><b>3WW</b> (Alt-J) 2017.</p><p><b>Aside from Growing Old</b> (Cate Le Bon) 2017.</p><p><b>Semicircle Song</b> (The Go! Team) 2018. From Brighton, England (this album featured young musicians from Michigan)</p><p><b>Shady Grove</b> (Yola) 2019.</p></div></div><p><br /></p><div><p><span style="font-size: 24px; font-weight: bold;">Hour 21: Europe</span></p></div><div><p><u><i>Iceland</i></u></p><div><p><b>You've Been Flirting Again </b>(Björk) 1995</p><p><b>Með Blóðnasir </b>(Sigur Rós) 2005</p><p><b>Dirty Paws </b>(Of Monsters and Men) 2012</p><p><u><i>Sweden</i></u></p><p><b>Young Folks </b>(Peter Bjorn and John) 2007</p><p><b>I Was Jesus </b>(Hello Saferide) 2014</p><p><b>Trouble in the Streets</b> (Goat) 2016</p><p><u><i>Switzerland, Portugal, Belgium</i></u></p><p><b>Motherland</b> (Silver Firs) 2013</p><p><b>Dry Dry Land</b> (Tap Tap) 2010</p><p><b>Easy</b> (Absynthe Minded) 2019</p><p><u><i>France</i></u></p><p><b>Pas les saisons (Skydancers Remix)</b> (Mina Tindle) 2015</p><p><b>Les Moissons</b> (Radio Elvis) 2016</p><p><b>La vie facile</b> (Julie Blanche) 2015</p><p><u><i>Russia</i></u></p><p><b>Берег (Shore)</b> (Забавные Игры [Funny Games]) 2019</p><p><b> Издалека (Izdaleka)</b> (Как Никогда [Kak Nikogda]) 2020</p></div></div><p><br /></p><div><br /></div><div><div><p><span style="font-size: 24px; font-weight: bold;">Hour 22: The Folk Revival</span></p></div><div><div><p><b>Fly Around My Pretty Little Miss</b> (Built To Spill) 2001.</p><p><b>Skinny Love</b> (Bon Iver) 2007.</p><p><b>God?</b> (The Dodos) 2008.</p><p><b>5 Years Time </b>(Noah & The Whale) 2008.</p><p><b>Die</b> (Iron & Wine) 2009.</p><p><b>The Cave </b>(Mumford And Sons) 2009.</p><p><b>Starving Robins</b> (Horse Feathers) 2010.</p><p><b>From Finner</b> (Of Monsters and Men) 2011.</p><p><b>Ho Hey</b> (The Lumineers) 2012.</p><p><b>Lightning Bolt</b> (Jake Bugg) 2012.</p><p><b>Time to Run</b> (Lord Huron) 2012.</p><p><b>You Take Yours, I'll Take Mine</b> (Matthew Mole) 2013.</p><p><b>Over Your Roof</b> (Frances Luke Accord) 2014.</p><p><b>Visions</b> (Saintseneca) 2014.</p><p><b>Noah</b> (Amber Run) 2015.</p><p><br /></p></div></div><p><br /></p></div><p><br /></p><p><br /></p></div></div></div></div>Eric Hadley-Iveshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07349423480178819276noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19990974.post-89595356059215136342020-10-06T21:26:00.006-07:002021-02-10T14:46:34.923-08:00Some predictions, less than a month before our 2020 elections<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGDEnawooM4_8OGb4aMZfIqprCY7GSxat2K0M5rYVD9TJx91us8oA-WnAn1x3oyt7U7WRLqVqjGlEgpGijhKN1vPkSguFhS3PsmFF43pxxmPpbhhMWB5uwNiIrByJq6nlWlysT0A/s846/Screen+Shot+2020-10-06+at+10.31.19+PM.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="641" data-original-width="846" height="484" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGDEnawooM4_8OGb4aMZfIqprCY7GSxat2K0M5rYVD9TJx91us8oA-WnAn1x3oyt7U7WRLqVqjGlEgpGijhKN1vPkSguFhS3PsmFF43pxxmPpbhhMWB5uwNiIrByJq6nlWlysT0A/w640-h484/Screen+Shot+2020-10-06+at+10.31.19+PM.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A plausible Biden/Harris landslide victory, one possibility</td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><p> <span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">I haven't been paying close attention to the 2020 elections in the United States because I've been so busy with work and some family projects. Today I checked up on the Senate and House races, and studied the map to see how the Presidential election is likely to go. Here is a summary of what I've learned.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">Will the Democratic Party take control of the Senate. Probably yes. Here is how:</span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">In the Senate, The Republican challenger Tuberville will defeat Jones and take back a seat for the Republicans in Alabama. It is very unlikely that Jones can hold his seat, but it would not be a miracle if he somehow did.</span></span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">But the Republican incumbents Collins in Maine, Tillis in North Carolina, Gardner in Colorado, and McSally in Arizona will all lose their seats to the Democratic challengers (Gideon in Maine, Cunningham in North Carolina, Hickenlooper in Colorado, and Kelly in Arizona). This gives the Democrats four new seats. Colorado and Cunningham are the closest of these races; Maine and Arizona are pretty obviously going Democratic.</span></span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">The result is a net shift of three seats from Republican to Democratic. The Republicans will control 50 seats and the Democrats will control 48. Two independents caucus with the Democrats, so the Senate will be split 50-50, with the Vice President casting the deciding vote. </span></span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">There are four races to watch which, if the Democrats win any one of them, they could get up to 49 seats and put the Republicans down to 49 seats, so that the two independent Senators would give the Democrats a 51-49 advantage. Here are those races:</span></span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Iowa, where the Democratic challenger Greenfield could possibly defeat the Republican incumbent Ernst. If this happens, the Democrats will have the majority in the Senate without needing the Vice President to break tie votes. Iowa is the tightest and most significant Senate race if you think the Democrats are pretty sure of taking Colorado and North Carolina (and of course they will take Arizona and Maine). </span></span></span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">Montana, where the Democratic candidate Bullock might possibly defeat the incumbent Daines, is another opportunity for the Democratic Party. Bullock would be a conservative Democrat, and his chances of actually defeating Daines are not very good. It's still a close race, however.</span></span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">In Georgia, Ossoff could possibly defeat the Republican incumbent Perdue, but I’m not counting on it. The Republicans are spending a lot of money to keep Perdue in office, but if the Democrats pull off a landslide in the Presidential race, maybe Ossoff could win in Georgia.</span></span></span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">In South Carolina, Harrison has a slight chance of defeating Graham. It would be a huge victory for the Democrats to take a seat in South Carolina. It is not likely, but it is certainly within the realm of possibility.</span></span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">So, if you hope Democrats really get control of the Senate, be looking to the returns from South Carolina, Georgia, Montana, and Iowa. Iowa is the best chance for giving Democrats control (assuming they win in Colorado and North Carolina as well as their fairly certain wins in Arizona and Maine).</span></span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">If you want Republicans to keep control of the Senate, you need to hope that somehow the Democrats don’t win in Arizona, or Maine, or North Carolina, or Colorado. In all four of those races, it looks like the Republicans will probably lose, but the races are close enough to imagine that the Republicans might hold on to one or more of those seats. So, the Republicans can still hold out hope. Republicans often point out that polls tend to underestimate support for Republican candidates, but most polling experts have tried to improve their sampling remove the systematic bias that made the 2016 elections such a surprise.</span></span></span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">If the Democrats totally dominate the election, they could even pick up the seat in Kansas where Bollier seems pretty far behind the Republican Marshall, but an upset does look possible. Likewise it’s within the realm of possibility that Jones, the Democratic incumbent in Alabama, could somehow keep his seat against the Republican challenger Tuberville, but that seems unlikely. I've seen claims that the Democrats could pick up a seat in Texas, Kentucky, or Mississippi, but those all seem unlikely to me. Democratic Party supporters are certainly hoping they could win those long-shot races.</span></span></span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">In the House, the only district I really care about is my own Illinois 13th district, where the Democratic challenger Betsy Londrigan has a good chance of defeating incumbent Republican Rodney Davis. I think she will.</span></span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">Aside from that, it’s very likely that the Democrats will pick up four seats to add to their majority (North Carolina’s 2nd and 6th districts, Georgia’s 7th district, and the 23rd district in Texas). There are about 26 seats that are toss-ups, and those are evenly split between Democratic and Republican seats. In Iowa the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Districts are likely to remain Democratic. Interesting toss-up races where I think the Democrats might pick up seats include the 21st, 22nd, and 24th districts in Texas; the 1st district in Ohio; the 5th district in Indiana; the 25th district in California; and the 10th district in Pennsylvania. I also think Democrats could pick up seats in a few districts that normally lean Republican, including my own (13th district in Illinois) as well as the 3rd district in Ohio, the Montana and Alaska all-state districts (Alaska and Montana only have one Representative), the first district in Minnesota, and the 3rd and 6th district in Michigan. Keep on eye on these races as returns come in on Election night.</span></span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">In the Presidential Race, Biden and Harris are almost sure to win.</span></span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">They will easily win in the “safe” Democratic states:</span></span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">Hawaii, California, Oregon, Washington, Illinois, New York, New Mexico, New Jersey, Maryland, the District of Columbia, Delaware, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, and Vermont.</span></span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">That gives them 187 electoral college votes right there. </span></span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">They will also win in some states that usually vote for Democrats, including: Colorado, Virginia, Maine’s 1st District, and Minnesota. That gives them an additional 33 for a total of 220. </span></span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">They are also going to win some states where the races are a bit closer, including Nevada, Arizona, Florida, Maine’s 2nd District, Nebraska’s 2nd District, Michigan, and North Carolina. That will give them an additional 79 votes, so they end up with 299, and they only need 271 to win. </span></span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">In addition, they could very well win in New Hampshire, Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, Ohio, and Iowa. If they do that, they add 58 votes in the Electoral college, and end up with 357 electoral college votes. But, they don’t need any of those states if Florida is a clear win for Biden, and I think it will be.</span></span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"></span><br /></span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">But, suppose I’m wrong about Florida and North Carolina. That would knock them down to 255 votes before adding the “possible wins” in NH, PA, WI, OH, and IA. They would only need to win either Pennsylvania or Ohio to get from 255 to over 271. If they won Iowa and Wisconsin, they could lose both Pennsylvania and Ohio.</span></span></p><p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span></p><p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"></span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXTZn-xu-KfP3qvSIzQHLj6UC_YrHAuik1c53TSU0wg_aYaeW3euuJe0y_px9jBeCPez8qoGsYYKneDPLe4s9fzCquWPoca3HP7G-GGJt6PBWy6mKmfhSm_YEkzAjvf2ORpDJ6tQ/s827/Screen+Shot+2020-10-06+at+10.36.01+PM.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="632" data-original-width="827" height="490" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXTZn-xu-KfP3qvSIzQHLj6UC_YrHAuik1c53TSU0wg_aYaeW3euuJe0y_px9jBeCPez8qoGsYYKneDPLe4s9fzCquWPoca3HP7G-GGJt6PBWy6mKmfhSm_YEkzAjvf2ORpDJ6tQ/w640-h490/Screen+Shot+2020-10-06+at+10.36.01+PM.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A close race with a Biden/Harris victory without winning Florida. One of many plausible outcomes in the upcoming Presidential election.<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-kerning: none;"><br /></span><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 12px;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">I think Trump is going to win West Virginia, South Carolina, Indiana, Kentucky, Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi, Arkansas, Louisiana, Missouri, Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, the 1st and 3rd districts in Nebraska, South Dakota, North Dakota, Montana, Wyoming, Idaho, Utah, and Alaska. So, Trump is sure to get at least 191 electoral college votes. But, I’m not sure if he will win Georgia, Iowa, or Ohio. And, I think Biden and Harris have about an equal chance compared to Trump of winning in New Hampshire, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin. Florida and North Carolina, which are supposedly too-close-to-call seem to me clearly likely to go for Biden and Harris. The states that lean for Biden but seem competitive for Trump such as Michigan, Nevada, and Arizona also seem very likely to go for Biden and Harris. </span></span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">Factors to consider include: Democrats are more likely to have voted by mail, and in some places the mailed ballots will not be counted until after Election Day evening. So, in some races, Republicans might appear to be leading on Election Day evening, but Democrats will win after all the mailed ballots are counted. Some people are concerned that there will be malicious attempts to stop counting votes after Election Day, but I don't see how such attempts could be supported in courts.</span></span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">Recent polls show that many Democrats expect rioting from White Nationalists if Trump loses, and many Republicans expect rioting from BLM and Anti-Fascists if Biden loses. Many Independents and non-affiliated people fear violence from both sides. Looking at the polls, I'm pleased to see that almost no one thinks their own side is likely to resort to violence if they lose. When polls show people telling the surveys "we will be violent if we lose" we know we are trouble, but when the fears are all directed at the "other side" the expectations of violence are less likely to be signals that actual violence will occur.</span></span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span></p><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">****** UPDATE AFTER THE ELECTION *******</span></span></h2><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">A month before the election, in retrospect, I was too optimistic about Biden’s chances in several states. I was very confident that he would win Florida and North Carolina, and he lost both. In the weeks between when I posted this and election eve, I had learned enough about Florida to guess that Biden would probably lose it, but I remained surprised by Trump’s victory in North Carolina. I became less certain that Biden would win Ohio, but more hopeful (even confident) that Biden could win Wisconsin. By election Eve, I had a “pessimistic” projection that was only wrong about two states: I never guessed that Biden would win Georgia, and I never guessed that Trump would win North Carolina. My pessimistic projection, which was correct on 48 of 50 states, was based on an assumption that polling models were generally oversampling Biden supporters by about 5-percentage-points, and Trump would beat the polling forecasts by about that much. Since polls had Biden up by more than 5-percentage-points in critical states like Michigan, Wisconsin, Pennsylvania, and significantly up in Arizona and Nevada and North Carolina, I watched in the first hour that returns came back. At first, the returns apparel to show Biden far out-performing the polling in Ohio, Texas, and some other states, so I was pretty sure that polls had not been biased by more than 5-points in Trump’s favor. As the night wore on, and I could compare results in some states to the polling, it did appear that Biden was underperforming the polls by a significant amount, but not by such a great amount that the 5-percentage-point bias in polls would be exceeded in most of the critical battleground states. And, as I looked into where the votes had not been counted yet (mail-in ballots and big city areas), it was pretty clear that Biden would win in most of the close states. So, in other words, after about 8:00 pm on Election Day evening I was no longer in any doubt that Biden would win. </span></span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">As it turned out, the race was very close, and much closer than I had imagined, in Arizona (0.3 percentage-points), Pennsylvania (1.2 percentage points), and Wisconsin (0.7 percentage points). Michigan and Nevada ended up right around where I expected (Biden won by 2.8 percentage points in Michigan, </span></span><span style="font-family: georgia;">2.4 percentage points in Nevada</span><span style="font-family: georgia;">). The states where I was totally wrong in all my predictions finally had Trump winning in North Carolina by 0.4 percentage points and Biden winning in Georgia by 0.2 percentage points.</span></span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"> </span></span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">Trump received almost 74 million votes, and Biden got 80.1 million (Biden won the popular vote election by 3.9 percentage points). I was surprised that Trump received (slightly) over 47% of the popular vote, as I expected him to win about 46 percentage points.</span></span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><br /></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">The aftermath of the election opened my eyes to the interpretation that about 30% of the American population has given up their rational thinking and joined a sort of cult of Trump, which does not really bear much relationship to traditional conservatism, but seems more in line with the American tradition we could trace to the Know Nothing Party, the John Birch Society, Charles Coughlin, Charles Lindbergh, the Ku Klux Klan, the Christian Identity Movement, and other sorts of reactionary populists who resisted diversity and viewed the world through a lens of conspiracy theories. It occurs to me that if the United had a multi-party system with a party of Trump populism, a traditional Conservative party (never Trump Republicans), a labor party (liberal Democrats), a centrist party (moderate Democrats), and the Greens and Libertarians, the Trump populist party might easily have the plurality. I'm just guessing here, but in a system with the six parties I've outlined, I guess the support for them might be like this (assuming there was no longer a dominant two-party system, which depresses support for Libertarians and Greens):</span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><b><i><br /></i></b></span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><b><i>The American Right </i></b></span><span style="font-family: georgia;"> (about 48% of the population)</span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">30% Trump Populism</span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">5% Libertarians</span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">13% Republicans</span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><b style="font-style: italic;">The American Left</b> (about 52% of the population)</span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">26% Moderate Democrats</span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">6% Greens</span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">20% Labor (Liberal and Radical Democrats)</span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">Before the election aftermath, I had supposed that traditional Republicans who voted for Trump were about half of his support, and now that polling is showing how many people are believing Trump’s claims about the stolen election, I am realizing that those traditional (and reasonable) Republicans probably make up only about a third or less of the electorate who voted for Trump. </span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;">I tend to vote third-party, and I noticed that Howie Hawkins won only 0.3% of the national vote (nearly 400,000 votes). The Green Party should probably focus on running candidates in local elections and state legislature districts, and put fewer resources into campaigns for the US Senate or the Presidential Office. Back when the Green Party formed as a political party I thought it was a mistake, and thought the best way to promote the core values of the Green Movement was to work for them inside both the Republican and Democratic Parties, but now I think possibly Green Party candidates can do good services to their communities by running for school boards, county boards, city councils, and maybe when one of the two dominant parties has a “lock” on a state senate or house seat, the Green Party could offer an alternative so fewer races are uncontested. In the Illinois 96th House District a Green Candidate (John Keating) won 4.1% (1,607 votes) in a race against a fairly popular Democratic Incumbent (Sue Scherer, who won with 20,183) and a serious Republican challenger (Charles McGorray, who received 17,322 votes). Earning 4.1% is better than earning 0.5% (Howie Hawkins got 0.5% of the Presidential vote in Illinois). In Governor races Green Party candidates have done well in Illinois: Rich Whitney won 10.36% of the vote in the 2010 Gubernatorial race, but then dropped to 2.7% when he ran again in 2014. </span></span></p>Eric Hadley-Iveshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07349423480178819276noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19990974.post-47825949216123131192008-02-15T16:05:00.000-08:002021-02-10T14:26:59.933-08:00World War One StoryA week or two ago one of the last living veterans of World War I passed away. I think there is one American veteran left alive in a nursing home in Florida, and one Canadian veteran living in Spokane, Washington.
When I was little, my great-grandfather Mac (Proctor M. McClure) told me some stories about what he did in 1918. Here is a transcript of a tape recording of one of those times when he told us stories:
Once upon a time there was a little soldier who went to war, across the water, to France. That's Eric and Jennell's Great-Grampa. And this was in 1918. And when we neared the coast of France we had to have a convoy to take us through the submarine zone, in order to land in France. But there were three great big ships, and Grampa Mac was on the flagship, called <span style="font-style: italic;"><a href="https://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/nhhc/our-collections/photography/numerical-list-of-images/nhhc-series/nh-series/NH-44000/NH-44751.html">The Northern Pacific</a></span>. On the next ship was a man who later became the president of the United States, President Truman. And with him on the battery, from Kansas City, Missouri, was Grampa's brother-in-law, who married my sister in Chicago. <div><br /></div><div>Every day about 4:30 we had what was called, "abandon ship drill." And then we'd go down, we sat by our bunks-we stood by our bunks at attention until they blew recall on the bugle, and we could go up above again. We didn't know. We'd go up to the lifeboats first, and stand at the lifeboats. Until they blew the bugle recall, meaning, that's all. Now one afternoon, they had the signal at 2:30, not 4:30. We wondered, “what on earth?” And just as Grampa went down below, the rest of us noticed a great big hulk of something coming right towards us in the front, in the forward part of the ship, our ship. We thought it must be a German submarine. And it was rather frightening. So, we went down, and stood by our bunks, and then we had to go up, above, and get by our lifeboats. Then they had a recall, and we went to our bunks, went anyplace, and guess what it was? It was our convoy, had arrived. Which we had missed, to take us into port. In the front was an American destroyer camouflaged in green and black. There were two of them, going back and forth criss-cross forward so that the submarine could not get under it, and in the back were two more, and on the side was two more. It was the most thrilling thing. We were all just thrilled. And that was the six American destroyers, all camouflaged in green and black to take us through the submarine zone to land in France. That is the story of the convoy to get us there. </div><div><br /></div><div> Okay, this is a continuation about the little soldier, Grampa Mac, in the war. And it's September, 1918, and Grampa got a leave, a little pass, to go up to the Northern part of France. And I took the train up to this little town called Gerby Ve Lay. [<span style="font-style: italic;">I think Mac meant Gerbeviller, or perhaps Luneville.</span>] I got off the train, "Conductor," I said, "where is the station?" He said, "right there." A pile of rocks was all that was left of it, blown to pieces four years before. I went into a restaurant to get something to eat. Five francs for the meal, French francs. And they apologized for me and said, "The Germans shelled this other half of the dining room and there are big holes in the roof, great big holes, oh, about six or eight inches wide, and it rains through there. </div><div><br /></div><div>So, I got my meal. Then I decided to go. They said, they told me, "if you go down to that house down there, there's a grandmother and a little boy about thirteen, lives with his grandmother, and if he's not at mass, at Sunday church, the Catholic church, he would take you out, three miles out, to the battlefield proper, where the men and boys defended the village. Forty-eight of them. I wasn't going to tell you this. The Germans killed them all, but they held the village so long that the Germans didn't get to go to the port of Nancy, and on in to the port of Paris. They didn't get to conquer Paris that early, the capital of France, because of that. So the place was bombarded and shelled to nothing. </div><div><br /></div><div>Grampa Mac went down, the little soldier, to the house, and the old grandma said, he's at church. So she said, if you go down there, there are the ruins of the castle of the Duke of Lorraine, the chateau it's called, and the chapel, he's at a private church. So Grampa wandered all around. There were only four houses rebuilt during that four years. Just four houses. I went down one street and down the other, up and down. Just a pile of ruble. Everything blown to pieces. </div><div><br /></div><div>So I wandered up to the castle of the Duke of Lorraine. I go through the center, through the front, and where there had been pillars, rows of marble, and white marble. Grampa picked up a piece of the white marble to take as a souvenir. I went through the front. There were only the walls, the side walls and the front wall left standing. I went through the front, and all this, open out onto the forest and the woods there. There was a little stream going along to one side called the Mortagne River. You see I can remember even the name of the river and spell it. I shouldn't tell you that. And, there was a little abandoned fountain of the four seasons. It was empty, dry. As I stood there in the woods I heard BOOM!, our big naval 16-inch guns from America had just arrived to bombard the town north of us in the hands of the Germans, Metz, M-E-T-Z. [<span style="font-style: italic;">If Mac was along the Mortagne River, he was at least 35 miles south of Metz.</span>] </div><div><br /></div><div>Well, I decided to examine the ruins of the wall, so I came back, I came back to the wing on the side here, from that side, on my right. And I saw, the place where there had been steps going down below. But there were no steps, they had been blown to pieces. But there was mud. It had been raining, and it was open. So Grampa slid down the steps. </div><div><br /></div><div> As I did, I went past one wing. It was over here, and as I had a French flashlight the little French boy had given me, I hadn't examined the battery to see if it was any good, it's important to the story, and I climbed. There were four big cells where he had put his servants when they were unruly and there were padlocks on all of them, and I clanged all of them, you know, to make a funny noise. It was spooky because it was down in a dungeon now, with only a flashlight going. Then I went on this side. Now, my part of the story means this is where they were. Now I go back on this side quickly. And there were four rusty ovens where they baked their bread and things, and the stream is on this side, and the water's dripping, drip… drip… drip… </div><div><br /></div><div>Grampa yelled, "Mac" my nickname. My voice echoed seven times in this dungeon. It was very eerie, very scary. So I thought I'd better get outta here. I retraced my steps back where I'd come, I said, oh, where does this place go? So kept going this direction. All of a sudden dub-glub-glub-glub. I stopped in front of a big, oh like a well. Just big enough for me, that if I'd taken another step I wouldn't be able to tell you the story because I'd have been in the well. My bones would be there yet. What did I do? Silly little soldier. I jumped across. Kept going! </div><div><br /></div><div> I was getting lower all the time. The walls, they were getting lower. All of a sudden, I heard, Grrrrg! And my flashlight battery burned out. Here were two big orange eyes coming toward me. I measured my steps. I didn't dare run. I side-stepped ten steps so I thought I was near that well, whatever it was, and I jumped, hoping the animal would not come toward me. And I walked sideways fast way up to the light and was glad to get out of the place. The French people told me that was a wolf, and that was a mother wolf, and probably her babies. Had I taken another step I'd have been torn to pieces. And again, another narrow escape from death, in the dungeon of the Duke of Lorraine.</div>Eric Hadley-Iveshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07349423480178819276noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19990974.post-15099033547956126172007-10-27T17:10:00.001-07:002020-11-27T22:57:14.429-08:00Musings on John Hatcher's commentaryIn the October 16th (2007) issue of <i>The American Baha’i</i> a commentary by John Hatcher caught my attention. John Hatcher is a professor of English with specialized knowledge of medieval literature. He is also a productive Baha’i scholar, whose <i>The Ocean of His Words</i> (1997) has been influential on my own thinking about our religion. I often disagree with some of Dr. Hatcher’s opinions or understandings, but it has always seemed to me that in the vast majority of the essential matters we are in agreement, and I have benefitted from my study of his work.<br />
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The essential point of Hatcher’s commentary is that we Baha’is should be thankful to have the guidance of the Universal House of Justice (UHJ), we should take guidance from it seriously, study what it tells us, and do what it asks us to do. For a Baha’i, there isn’t anything controversial in these points. Catholics take their pope seriously. Tibetan Buddhists respectfully consider what the Dalai Lama says. Mormans care about the statements of President of the Church of Later Day Saints. Even United Methodists care about the decisions of their General Conference (before I became a Baha’i I was baptized into the United Methodist Church). Any religion that wants to maintain unity, avoid factionalism, and coordinate mass efforts will have some sort of organizational structure with leadership, and members of that religion are going to need to give the leadership a certain degree of allegiance and loyalty.<br />
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Any religion’s leadership will suggest rules, plans, and policies that the leadership believes are most likely to effect desirable outcomes. Our UHJ is no exception. Its letters and decisions are given to us in the belief that we will take some influence and guidance from these things, and if we follow the guidance and open ourselves to the leadership’s influence, good things will happen for us and for our religion. These are just basic facts about organizational dynamics in ideology-driven groups (as opposed to commercial or public groups, where leadership may in exceptional cases intentionally try to ruin a company or discredit a public undertaking for personal profit or ideological reasons).<br />
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An important question in ideological groups such as religions relates to how carefully and how closely members must follow the guidance that comes from leadership. People only have 24 hours in a day, and after time is subtracted for sleep, socializing within a family or circle of friends, personal and household maintenance, and labor to earn material requirements for a decent life, only a few hours of truly discretionary time will be left over. People may want to devote this time to service work, prayer, hobbies, home improvements, gardening, television viewing, self-directed learning, newspaper reading, and any number of other activities. Most people do not want to give a significant portion of their discretionary time to the study of guidance from the leadership of their religion, their employer, or their government.<br />
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This has been a problem for all sorts of religions or organizations based upon idealistic or utopian visions of rebuilding societies and creating better civilizations. It’s also an unfortunate fact of history that most of the idealistic or religious movements that did take secular power have tended toward fanaticism.<br />
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Societies in which people have devoted a large portion of what would otherwise be discretionary time to the study of guidance from their ideological leadership seem aberrant to us. Chinese studying Mao’s Little Red Book during the cultural revolution or the North Koreans studying the lessons of their Great Leader and Dear Leader seem pitiable. The idea of Russians in the early 1920s carefully studying the writings of Lenin can seem sadly humorous. As a youth who found some of the writings of Marx and Engels rather attractive, I always thought it was a pity that when I visited the Soviet Union or East Germany in the 1980s I could find all sorts of published speeches and talks of the then current leadership in the Communist Parties, but very little of that idealistic stuff Marx wrote. Who really wanted to read Tikhonov’s or Chernenko’s speeches? I have a collection of such documents I picked up in the mid-1980s as a visitor in the Soviet Union and East Germany, but I don’t think many other visitors bothered to read such propaganda, and I found that few of my hosts in Russia or Germany did either. Did the Committee for Public Safety during the French Revolution ask citizens to carefully study their decisions or the Jacobin publications? I’m sure Robespierre would have liked to have every literate person in France read his speeches, but how many actually did? Did the leadership of the Spanish Inquisition insist that the literate public study the works of Tomás de Torquemada, Don Alfonso, and Villacreces? Did Puritans and Pilgrims in the Massachusetts Bay Colony ask the believers to supplement their study of the Bible with the study of the writings of Robert Browne and John Winthrop? I’m sorry to compare our Baha’i leadership to such flawed movements, but my point is that it is unusual to have an organization in which the rank and file are urged to carefully study letters from the administrative or ideological leadership, and the historical precedents for such exhortations will discourage many educated people from approaching the Baha'i situation with an open mind.<br />
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Hatcher and other educated western Baha’is are probably aware of how strange it seems to emphasize the importance of studying the guidance from the UHJ. Hatcher and myself want to make a clear distinction between Baha’i leadership and the other sorts of leaderships that have historically asked rank-and-file members to study their guidance, such as I've mentioned above. There are many ways to distinguish the UHJ from such unsavory characters, and one of these is the idea we have in the Baha’i Faith that our leadership structures (at least the UHJ) are founded upon an idea that came from God through Baha’u’llah, rather than an idea that originated purely in the human imagination. Another idea we have comes from <i>‘Abdu’l-Baha’s Will and Testament</i>, where ‘Abdu’l-Baha assured us that we could trust our House of Justice, and we could know that God would be working to guide our leadership. The various other idealistic organizational leaderships did not have such an endorsement from the son of a Manifestation of God, and from a Baha’i point of view, ours does.<br />
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But, if you’re a critical thinker, and especially if you are a critical thinker who isn’t a professing Baha’i, already many questions arise. What is the difference between something that springs from the imagination of a human and something that springs from the mind of a Manifestation of God? Is there a difference between the imagination of <a href="http://www-personal.umich.edu/%7ejrcole/bahabio.htm">Husayn-'Ali Nuri</a> (Baha’u’llah) and the Revelation He received from God through the Holy Spirit? If there is a distinction here, and Baha’u’llah had some thoughts that were supernaturally directly revealed through the Holy Spirit and others that were rooted in His human brain, perhaps influenced by His life in a particular historical and social context as well as being influenced by his connection to the Holy Spirit and God, then how can we (or should we) attempt to distinguish one type of thought from another? Would Baha’u’llah’s ideas and inspirations that were more human and less a function of His station as a Manifestation of God be qualitatively different from our own ideas?<br />
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Say, for the sake of argument, that we accept that the basic idea of the Universal House of Justice and the core principles governing it did come from God, can we make a distinction between an essential idea inspired by a Divine Revelation and the actual implementation of that idea in a real institution, one where humans have “filled in the details” so to speak, in trying out various approaches in the way the idea is implemented? Many Baha’is aren’t going to feel comfortable even asking these questions, but if we want to teach our religion (as I do) and engage the world outside our religion we need to be prepared for such questions, and that means we need to consider how to ask and answer them for ourselves.<br />
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I think the areas where we are destined to have diverse opinions are related to the degree to which we as Baha’is must study the guidance from the UHJ and the degree to which we must follow such guidance. Is it enough for the rank-and-file Baha’is to devote an hour every few Baha’i Months (about once every eight weeks) to reading letters from the UHJ? Should we devote an hour each week? An hour each year? Also, how carefully should we follow the advice or the suggestions of the UHJ? Some of us think the UHJ is trying to guide the entire world, and as the world has many diverse circumstances, some of the specific suggestions may be useful in most places, but not in our particular corner of humanity. Others believe that everything the UHJ encourages should be applied everywhere. Some people take the suggestions and encouragements of the UHJ as orders and commandments, others take these literally as suggestions we might follow or might not, depending on the wisdom of applying them in our particular circumstances. The UHJ probably has an interest in pushing the Baha’i rank-and-file toward taking its letters more seriously, spending a little more time studying them, and generally following the directions with a bit more care and energy. After all, the UHJ, like any leadership group, thinks it has good advice, and the nature of good advice is that it will be more effective if people listen carefully to it and follow it with determination.<br />
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Another area where there are likely to be differences is the way we understand the role and station of the Universal House of Justice. All Baha’is who investigate their history know that Baha’u’llah, upon His death in 1892, appointed ‘Abdu’l-Baha as the leader of the Baha’is. It’s also a fact that ‘Abdu’l-Baha appointed his grandson Shoghi Effendi to a position of Guardianship and gave to the Guardian the power to decide when to establish the Universal House of Justice. Shoghi Effendi wrote about the Universal House of Justice as if he expected a Guardian to be part of it, yet he also considered that the Universal House of Justice and the Guardianship would be twin institutions, co-existing. ‘Abdu’l-Baha, in his <i>Will and Testament</i>, told Shoghi Effendi to establish a successor. However, evidently, Shoghi Effendi didn’t establish a successor, and therefore Baha’is will not have any Guardians after Shoghi Effendi, and our Universal House of Justice must exist without a Guardian as a member of it. Baha’is and critical thinkers who consider joining the Baha’i Faith will probably ask questions about whether the Universal House of Justice as it exists now, without a Guardian, is the same as the Universal House of Justice described in <i>‘Abdu’l-Baha’s Will and Testament</i> and the writings of Shoghi Effendi, since things haven’t worked out exactly as described in the earliest foundational documents Baha’is use to understand their UHJ and the institution of Guardianship. Such questions are legitimate, and Baha’is will reach different conclusions about the correct answers. What is pretty clear is that Baha’is are supposed to have a Universal House of Justice, as Baha’u’llah wrote about this institution before He ever wrote anything about a Guardian (and some Baha’is say the entire idea of a Guardianship was introduced by ‘Abdu’l-Baha, and doesn’t exist in any of Baha’u’llah’s writings, although this position is controversial). The Hands of the Cause of God, who were leaders of the Faith appointed by Shoghi Effendi (others had been appointed before Shoghi Effendi, but these were not alive at the time of Shoghi Effendi’s death), quite reasonably decided that the Baha’is should have a Universal House of Justice after Shoghi Effendi died without appointing a new Guardian or leaving written instructions for specifically how and when the Universal House of Justice should be established. And so, ever since 1963, we Baha’is have had the UHJ as our leadership. If you are a Baha’i, you are pretty much forced by logic and the facts of history to accept the UHJ as the leadership of your religion, and the UHJ gets this leadership through a clear line of succession from God through the Holy Spirit and the Revelation down into Baha’u’llah, then ‘Abdu’l-Baha, then Shoghi Effendi, then the Hands of the Cause of God, and finally the UHJ.<br />
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Now, Hatcher says some interesting things about the Universal House of Justice in his commentary piece in <i>the American Baha’i</i>. He says,<br />
<i>The Guardian called the revealed writings of Baha’u’llah the “creative word” because His works constitute the holy scriptures of the Baha’i Faith. Of course, there are other “authoritative” writings in the Baha’i Faith: the writings of ‘Abdu’l-Baha, the writings of Shoghi Effendi, and the decisions and guidance of the Universal House of Justice.<br />What we may not understand is that while the writings of Baha’u’llah are regarded as the Revelation itself, these other sources are equally authoritative—they should likewise be regarded as the infallible guidance from God.”</i><br />
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That’s an interesting proposition. We should regard the decisions and guidance of the Universal House of Justice as the infallible guidance from God. I recall that at the end of the National Baha’i Convention this past April one of the speakers, an administrator (a Continental Counsellor named Rebequa Murphy), included in her remarks the proposition that, <i>“We don’t want to be those people that want to see God with their own eyes or hear his melodies with their own ears. Because we’ve been given the gift of being able to see through the eyes of the House of Justice and listen through the ears of the House of Justice.”</i> I also recall a community meeting I attended last year where a Baha’i Friend of mine urged us all to give more careful attention to the guidance from the House of Justice, and explained to us that, <i>“they are the center of the covenant that is still actually here on the planet, so for all practical purposes we can consider their words as the voice of God.”</i> I took his words to mean that while the UHJ is not actually God, for practical purposes, we Baha’is should consider the UHJ as if it was God. I admit I looked over at my wife and rolled my eyes as I heard this.<br />
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Some kinds of truth are best expressed through exaggeration. Artists, political cartoonists, storytellers, and poets often exaggerate and stretch the literal truth to make a point about the fundamental truth. Some of us in the Baha’i Faith reckon that Manifestations of God might do the same. I suspect that John Hatcher, Rebequa Murphy, and my friend here in my local Baha’i Community are all engaging in a sort of hyperbolic exaggeration to stress a valid point, that people ought to pay some attention to the Universal House of Justice and its guidance.<br />
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But, I’m not so sure I like all this exaggeration. Rebequa Murphy, for example, seems to have been paraphrasing a couple famous passages from Baha’i scripture. In the <a href="http://www.bahaiprayers.org/ahmad.htm">Tablet of Ahmad</a>, Baha’u’llah wrote: <b>“...For the people are wandering in the paths of delusion bereft of discernment to see God with their own eyes, or hear His Melody with their own ears. Thus have We found them, as you dost witness. Thus have their superstitions become veils between them and their own hearts and kept them from the path of God. . .”</b> In the <a href="http://www.bcca.org/bahaivision/sources/hidden.html">Hidden Words</a> Baha’u’llah wrote, <b>“By [the aid of justice] you will see with your own eyes and not through the eyes of others, and will know from your own knowledge and not through the knowledge of your neighbor. Ponder this in your heart, how you should be.”</b> In both of these passages it seems to me that Baha’u’llah is encouraging us to see with our own eyes and not try to see everything filtered through the understanding of others. Well, I know some Baha’is will say that the UHJ isn’t equivalent to “your neighbor” or a “superstition” that has become a veil. On the contrary, they will contend, the UHJ is the voice of God for us. Okay, that’s one way of seeing it, but I don’t see it that way, and I don’t see why this is a question where all Baha’is should feel it necessary to agree. To a person like myself, Murphy’s comments, or the comments of Hatcher, seem a little creepy. They aren’t creepy, that’s just the way I react to them.<br />
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Here are some more excerpts from Hatcher’s commentary:<br />
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<i>Infallibility does not admit degrees. That is, a statement or advice is either infallible or it is not. Thus, in this dispensation, only Baha’u’llah as a Manifestation partakes of the “most Great Infallibility”; only He is inherently infallible. The infallibility of guidance from ‘Abdu’l-Baha, Shoghi Effendi and the Universal House of Justice is conferred and derives from Baha’u’llah.</i><br />
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I have a few remarks about this. First, Baha’u’llah wrote about infallibility in the <a href="http://www.bahai-library.com/resources/tablets-notes/ishraqat/outline.html">Tablet of Splendors</a>:<br />
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<b>. . . Know thou that the term ‘Infallibility’ hath numerous meanings and divers stations. In one sense it is applicable to the One Whom God hath made immune from error. Similarly it is applied to every soul whom God hath guarded against sin, transgression, rebellion, impiety, disbelief and the like. However, the Most Great Infallibility is confined to the One Whose station is immeasurably exalted beyond ordinances or prohibitions and is sanctified from errors and omissions. Indeed He is a Light which is not followed by darkness and a Truth not overtaken by error. Were He to pronounce water to be wine or heaven to be earth or light to be fire, He speaketh the truth and no doubt would there be about it; and unto no one is given the right to question His authority or to say why or wherefore. Whosoever raiseth objections will be numbered with the froward in the Book of God, the Lord of the worlds. ‘Verily He shall not be asked of His doings but all others shall be asked of their doings.’ He is come from the invisible heaven, bearing the banner ‘He doeth whatsoever He willeth’ and is accompanied by hosts of power and authority while it is the duty of all besides Him to strictly observe whatever laws and ordinances have been enjoined upon them, and should anyone deviate therefrom, even to the extent of a hair’s breadth, his work would be brought to naught.<br />Consider thou and call to mind the time when Muḥammad appeared. He said, and His word is the truth: ‘Pilgrimage to the House is a service due to God.’ And likewise are the daily prayer, fasting, and the laws which shone forth above the horizon of the Book of God, the Lord of the World and the true Educator of the peoples and kindreds of the earth. It is incumbent upon everyone to obey Him in whatsoever God hath ordained; and whosoever denieth Him hath disbelieved in God, in His verses, in His Messengers and in His Books. Were He to pronounce right to be wrong or denial to be belief, He speaketh the truth as bidden by God. This is a station wherein sins or trespasses neither exist nor are mentioned. Consider thou the blessed, the divinely-revealed verse in which pilgrimage to the House is enjoined upon everyone. It devolved upon those invested with authority after Him to observe whatever had been prescribed unto them in the Book. Unto no one is given the right to deviate from the laws and ordinances of God. Whoso deviateth therefrom is reckoned with the trespassers in the Book of God, the Lord of the Mighty Throne.<br />O thou who hast fixed thy gaze upon the Dawning-Place of the Cause of God! Know thou for a certainty that the Will of God is not limited by the standards of the people, and God doth not tread in their ways. Rather is it incumbent upon everyone to firmly adhere to God’s straight Path. Were He to pronounce the right to be the left or the south to be the north, He speaketh the truth and there is no doubt of it. Verily He is to be praised in His acts and to be obeyed in His behests. He hath no associate in His judgement nor any helper in His sovereignty. He doeth whatsoever He willeth and ordaineth whatsoever He pleaseth. Know thou moreover that all else besides Him have been created through the potency of a word from His presence, while of themselves they have no motion nor stillness, except at His bidding and by His leave. . . .</b><br />
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The above excerpt from the Tablet of Ishraqat (Splendors) seems to suggest that John Hatcher is wrong about “infallibility not admitting degrees,” or at least he is wrong if we are discussing infallibility as a term with technical meaning in a Baha’i context. Infallibility, as a term in Baha’i theology, has numerous meanings and divers stations. From the tablet, I take it that “error” in a Baha’i context is related to sin. The word “sin” itself comes from a term that expresses a sense of guilt, and the concept in Hebrew is associated with the word <i>“chata”</i> that implied one had missed a mark (as in shooting for targets in archery).<br />
It appears to me that the Tablet of Ishraqat is saying that this infallibility has to do with the authority to make rules that people observe as the official rules of a religion. I suppose this means that when the Universal House of Justice legislates, it is in a realm where the concept of “bad legislation” or “wrong legislation” or “correct legislation” just doesn’t exist. The Universal House of Justice is above that. When the UHJ says, “decision x is our legislation” no Baha’i can say, “no, decision x isn’t Baha’i legislation.”<br />
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Of course, we shouldn’t just read the Tablet of Splendors on its own. It must be taken in the context of other things Baha’u’llah wrote about infallibility and the Universal House of Justice, and this must be understood through a familiarity with ‘Abdu’l-Baha’s and Shoghi Effendi’s interpretations on the subject.<br />
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This Tablet of Splendor makes another point I think pertinent to what John Hatcher claims. I know that the House of Justice is an important institution, and we Baha’is respect and obey it, but the Tablet of Splendor says that God has no associate or helper. That would make me hesitate to make the point that for all practical purposes, “letters that emanate from this infallible institution” are just like “a letter from God giving us the best advice for those actions we need to carry out right now.” This is, however, exactly what Hatcher claims in his commentary.<br />
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Another point to make is it’s not clear to me that everything the Universal House of Justice does is “infallible” in a technical Baha’i sense. It seems to me that the UHJ has a particular realm in which it is empowered by the Will and Testament of ‘Abdu’l-Baha to be infallible, and Shoghi Effendi has interpreted this. Some people think that every scrap of advice, every letter, and every message we get from the Universal House of Justice is the equivalent of legislation. I’m not sure about that. I doubt it. It seems the matter is open for personal investigation and consultation.<br />
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What does infallible mean? Many Baha’is, including, I suppose, John Hatcher, seem to think that the term “infallible” literally means “freed from all error” in the sense of “never being wrong” about anything. This may a be a function of the limitations of English or the quality of the translations from the Arabic and Persian originals. My understanding of the term we get as “infallible” is much closer in meaning to “immaculate” or “free from being limited by error” or “not under the power of error, corruption, or decay.” It seems obvious to me that the UHJ does make errors in the sense that it has limited information and makes decisions based on limited and sometimes faulty information. I think also that the style of the English prose that Hatcher says “emanates” from Haifa is proof enough that our UHJ can’t be free from all error and limitations, at least when it comes to crafting impressive English writing. Since I don’t think “infallible” literally means “free from making any mistakes or less-than-perfect decisions” I’m not disturbed that the UHJ has shown on a fairly regular basis that it has an imperfect command of the English language, and that it is an imperfect judge of the character of some of the people that get appointed to Continental Boards (a level of Baha’i administration). These are just not areas where I expect infallibility, and even in areas where I do have faith in the UHJs infallibility, that infallibility has something to do with avoiding making illegitimate legislation.<br />
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Another issue I have with Hatcher comparing the UHJ’s messages to letters from God is that I don’t think ‘Abdu’l-Baha or Shoghi Effendi ever made such claims. Shoghi Effendi would probably have felt dismay and frustration if people compared his letters to “letters from God.” Hatcher must obviously disagree with me, but that’s my understanding of Shoghi Effendi. I think ‘Abdu’l-Baha would also have refrained from making the comparison between the authority or significance of what he wrote and the authority and significance of what Baha’u’llah revealed. If anyone knows of authoritative writings where Shoghi Effendi or 'Abdu'l-Baha did compare their own words to words from God, I'd like to know of it so I can revise my position here. I do, however, know of a person in Baha’i history who did claim that his writings were the word of God. This was Baha’u’llah’s son Muhammad Ali, the half-brother of ‘Abdu’l-Baha, who so bitterly opposed Shoghi Effendi and the institution of the Guardianship. I don’t think Hatcher or any of my other devoted Baha’i Friends want to be in Muhammad Ali’s company.<br />
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Hatcher writes, <i>“. . . the guidance by the Universal House of Justice that we all employ this program [the Ruhi courses] is both authoritative and unquestionably the most propitious path we can take to do our part.”</i> If the UHJ has legislated that we all employ the Ruhi courses, then I agree that this guidance is authoritative. If the UHJ has only decided or asked or suggested, without legislating, then the degree to which this guidance is authoritative might be less. Clearly, the UHJ is the leadership of our religion, so in that sense anything they write is authoritative, but it’s not clear to me that everything they do is equally authoritative. Leaving aside this issue of how authoritative the decisions of the House of Justice are (when they are decisions rather than legislations, if that distinction can even be made), we still have the question of whether their guidance is “unquestionably the most propitious path.” I understand that Baha’is can sincerely question the wisdom of decisions made by the UHJ. I understand that Baha’is can question the methods by which UHJ decisions are implemented. I mean here that we can remain critical thinkers, who apply our personal conscience and our understanding of the Baha’i Faith to our understanding of what the UHJ does. I don’t mean that I think we can question the UHJ in the sense of questioning its legitimacy, or its appropriate institutional authority. A Baha’i individual must not say, “the UHJ is encouraging Ruhi courses, but I am discouraging Ruhi courses, and I question the right of the UHJ to make its decision in defiance of my personal preferences.” No, that sort of questioning isn’t what I have in mind. Nor can we individual Baha'is appoint people into positions that the Universal House of Justice has legislated are positions that it alone must appoint. In the case of Ruhi courses, I personally have sincere doubts that the Ruhi courses are a propitious path. I’m going along with them, using them, applying them, and encouraging others to try them, but that doesn’t mean I am sure they are “what is right” for my personal community. In fact, I suspect there may be a few exceptional places where core activities and the Ruhi courses are killing, rather than empowering local Baha’i community life. But the UHJ must guide the whole world, and in general, across the whole planet, Ruhi courses must be given a chance to work, and I’m not going to question the importance of our giving core activities and Ruhi courses a chance to work, at least in general.<br />
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John Hatcher also points out in his commentary that the Universal House of Justice writes about <i>"focusing our lives on the processes and plans the institution has created for us.”</i> I wonder what focusing our lives on processes and plans could mean. Does “focusing our lives” mean devoting five hours per month to the processes and plans instead of five hours per year? I became a Baha’i because I wanted to devote my life to the teachings of Baha’u’llah and the elaborations on those teachings made by his son ‘Abdu’l-Baha. I was glad of the Guardianship of Shoghi Effendi and the guidance of the UHJ, but these administrative figures weren’t main objects of my adoration. No, Baha’u’llah and God (and the other Messengers of God) have been the focus of my spiritual life, and I don’t think I want to replace Baha’u’llah and ‘Abdu’l-Baha’s core teachings with some system of belief that is built on anything else. Shoghi Effendi and the House of Justice can serve the Baha’i world in their appropriate roles as administrators who have kept us unified, given us some directions, and helped organize us so we can better study and follow the examples and teachings of Baha’u’llah and ‘Abdu’l-Baha. Shoghi Effendi, as a Guardian, was an authorized interpreter, and the Universal House of Justice has the authority to legislate. But, I don’t think the administration and its plans and processes really should take so much of our discretionary time that we miss opportunities to teach by living the life and serving our communities and social networks, being examples like ‘Abdu’l-Baha was. The administration is a means to an end, not an end in itself. I actually confirm this conclusion by my study of letters from the UHJ.<br />
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I like Baha’i events where Baha’is and their interested friends find joy and laughter, where there are songs, where there are prayers, and where people smile and love each other. I like far less the Baha’i events where Baha’is sit passively and listen to lectures about the guidance from the International Teaching Center and how we need to be studying the plans and following the processes. The whole point of those plans and processes is to connect Baha’is to the Creative Word of God, help us find a way to live a life of service to our community, and become outward focused, looking for opportunities outside our faith fellowship to show Baha’i solutions to problems by our examples (such as our children’s classes or devotional meetings). If the plans and processes are stopping us from connecting to the Creative Word of God or are diverting our attention from living lives of example and teaching the faith through our deeds, then the plans and processes need to be reconsidered and approached in a different way.<br />
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John Hatcher writes, <i>". . . When we have questions about any part of the guidance we are receiving from those involved, we should not quarrel, quibble, or feel dismayed, but rather go to the source itself: the authoritative text of the letters of the Universal House of Justice and the guidance in documents that have been prepared at its behest by the International Teaching Center."</i> I wonder why we need to be told not to quarrel, quibble, or feel dismayed. Is it Dr. Hatcher's perception that many rank-and-file Baha'is are quarrelling, quibbling, or feeling dismayed? Also, the "source itself" would include the writings of Baha'u'llah, 'Abdu'l-Baha, and Shoghi Effendi. Wouldn't it? Why only mention the UHJ and the ITC as the source? Just some thoughts.<br />
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God has given us Baha’u’llah, who has given us a Universal House of Justice, and a process of consultation and democratic elections of the members of the UHJ. That is an exciting fact, and it does make me feel good about the institutions of leadership in my religion. That is enough for me. I don’t agree with Hatcher that the UHJ’s guidance is God-given guidance in the same way Baha’u’llah’s was. This is probably a matter of secondary importance. Dr. Hatcher and myself both revere the institution of the Universal House of Justice. We probably have a very different conception of its role in the world, its future destiny, and the way in which some of its actions may be considered “infallible,” but these need not be a source of division or estrangement between us, or between any Baha’is who share our various diverse opinions.Eric Hadley-Iveshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07349423480178819276noreply@blogger.com7tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19990974.post-10258513010244318092020-06-03T15:28:00.002-07:002020-06-17T00:38:54.174-07:00A Very Brief Outline of My Early Pioneer Life<h2>
<span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">Flora May Randle McMahan wrote this in 1930</span></h2>
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<span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">I was born in the year of 1874, in the state of Tennessee. My father, J. L. Randle, and mother Dicy C. Randle moved to Washington Territory in the fall of 1886, with their family of three children: Matt, May, and Charlie. One sister Minnie, and one brother Walter, and died before this. In 1887 my sister Stella was born, near Mossyrock. In October of 1887 we moved to the Big Bottom country, just across the [Cowlitz] river from what is now Randle. Father had come on ahead and taken his homestead and built a log cabin for us.</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">We had to go most of the way over a rough, winding Indian trail. The ponies had to jump and climb over logs and fallen trees and go full length around them. When we got to what was called Fulton then, on the Cowlitz river, the ponies were unpacked, the packs taken across the river in dugout Indian canoes. Then we had to swim the ponies, repack and go on. That was the second day. That night we stayed with a bachelor, a Mr. Carlisle in a one room log shack. Next day, the third day, we arrived at our future home. Had to unpack and swim the horses again. I can never forget the first impression I had as a child, of that home, which consisted of a log cabin 10x10 feet with a mud and stick chimney and a fireplace. There was an addition of split cedar started, but not finished so we could use it for a while after we put part of our belongings in it. In the one room we had one home-made bed, with slats for springs, then made the other beds on the floor at night. </span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">The trail was so bad, and winter came so early, with snow between three and four feet deep, bending and breaking over the brush and into the trail, that it was impossible to get our cook stove, sewing machine and so many things that winter; that was so hard to get along without. There were three months at one time that we did not get any mail. An Indian on snowshoes then brought our letters in. </span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">When we moved in, there were about half-a-dozen bachelors, a Mr. and Mrs. Chilocoat with two small children 1/2 mile from us, Mr. and Mrs. R. T. Siler, who were married and moved there in the spring of the same year, one mile from us. </span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">I was the only girl within twenty miles. Of course there were no schools, no churches, no stores or post offices; just a poor trail through the rushes, brush, and woods between these homesteads.</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Mother got very sick, I believe it was the following January. Will Davis went horseback to Chehalis after a doctor who would not come, as it took a week to make the trip. She was spared to her family, but what agony to me, while she lay there, not knowing whether she would live or not. I had to learn to cook on the old fireplace and to bake in the Dutch oven—cared for my baby sister, did the washing, mending, sewing, etc.</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">The next winter I had the most terrible toothache in my back teeth. I could neither eat nor sleep as I should. I suffered so. In the month of March, father went to Mossyrock after some cows, which Mr. Doss let him have to keep for half of the increase. I went along to get my teeth out, as we heard there was a man nine miles below there who had a pair of forceps. I rode the nine miles alone. He broke one off and all to pieces, and left the roots in. I came back home with it in that condition and suffered every minute on the way. </span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Dode Doss helped father take the cows back. It took three days. I led three pack horses, one of which had only been packed a few times. They were a way ahead with the cattle. The wild, foolish pony got scared as we were going through a slough in a swampy place. The water being half-way on their sides; he got his feet over the rope and bucked and reared, run up to my side and would strike my knees with his feet and nose, until I felt sure he would get me under their feet. To make matters worse, my horse balked, and I could not make it go at all. It was pouring rain with snow mixed in, and with the horses splashing the water over me, I was drenched to the skin. I was getting so cold and numb that I could hardly stay on. I tried to call for help, but they could not hear. </span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">I was so long out of sight that father came back to see what was the matter. He had to wade in to get me. I was almost frozen and could not stand up when he got me off the horse. He rubbed me and put his raincoat on me. We went on to find a place to stay all night. We had to stay with two or three bachelors, in a small one-room shack. I had no clothes to change, so slept in my wet underwear. I didn’t even catch cold, but suffered until the next February with toothache. Then we went to Tacoma, and I kept house there for father, while he worked in the mill and I went to school. While there, of course I had my teeth out. </span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">You will wonder why I have told you this. Just because it was one of many, many instances of the hardships we had to pass through. I worked for my board and went to school in Winlock one term. Mother took us to Mossyrock and sent us to school three months. </span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">My ambition from childhood was to get a good education and to make something of myself, and because I could not, and because of awful loneliness, I used to cry myself to sleep almost every night. Through the day when I had time I would go into the woods and lie down to think and cry. I had no girlhood days. Finally the old timers organized a Sunday School. We would meet in the different cabins in bad weather, and out under the trees in nice weather. Later a local preacher and wife came and took a homestead. So then a Methodist church was organized, which I joined, and the few faithful ones kept it going until it has grown to serve the whole community. </span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">We raised good gardens, and always had good food. The only girls that I ever got to see in those days were Mr. and Mrs. Siler’s sisters, when they came in to visit them. Why! But didn’t we have good times together!</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Gradually, of course, more settlers came in. They all had to slash, burn, and grub out a little at a time to make a home. Father kept adding to our house until it was 10x40 feet. All split out of cedar except the first room, 10x10. </span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">There was a happy day, especially for mothers, when the first doctor came with his wife and two children. There was still just a trail. He took a homestead and lived there for several years. The game, especially bear and deer, were plentiful. We had plenty of fresh meat without going far away from the house for it. </span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">When I was about sixteen years old, a talkative, jolly, “happy-go-lucky” young man, Jim McMahan came and took up a homestead just across the river from us. He came to our place quite often. I was so hungry for friends and someone to talk to that we became real friends, and when I was 17-years-and-two-months old we were married, then of course I moved to his home. I didn't want to marry so young, but I was just desperate. I thought if I got married, then I would know I could not go to school any more; I would have to take care of my home and help make a home. Jim carried the mail to and from Mossyrock and packed grub and anything else anyone wanted. First, once a week; and then twice a week. I was alone so much and tried hard to do my part in making our new home. We surely have earned the land we now have many times over. After a few years there was a little school started, which has gradually grown to the wonderful school we now have. Then a little log church was built, from that, the beautiful little church we now have, and a parsonage has been built. </span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">When we were married thirteen months, our son, Clarence was born. Seven years later our other son, Neil, was born. During that time and long after, we only had Indian canoes to cross the [Cowlitz] river in. I could paddle the canoes as good as any man. Many, many times I’ve paddled the canoe while the men held the horses by the side of the canoe to swim them across the river. Sometimes they would rear, plunge, strike, and struggle until they would almost fill the canoe with water, or almost tip it over. I know I am safe in saying that I have ferried people, men mostly of course, hundreds of times, and never received a penny for it. Occasionally one would thank me. </span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">When I had the one boy, I would sit down and hold him between my knees to keep him from falling in the water. After I had the two, Clarence would sit flat in the bottom of the canoe and I would hold Neil between my knees and paddle across. It didn’t matter how high the river, or how much drift was running. My folks living just across the Cowlitz River, I would cross to go there almost every day, too. Many, many times all alone, I've paddled across and back of nights going to church and prayer meetings, when it was so dark I could not see my hand before me. God must have been with me to take care of me.</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">We worked hard and finally got enough land opened that we raised quite a crop of timothy and oat hay among the stumps, which had to be cut with a scythe. Then, oats and wheats, which had to be cut with a cradle. </span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">Eventually, a wagon road was opened up. The settlers volunteered and slashed it out. The stumps and roots were in it, and it was so muddy that the horses were down every little while. It would take from six to ten days to go to Chehalis, 65 miles for a load of whatever groceries, clothing, etc., we would have to have for at least six months ahead. My father carried the first chairs in the valley, strapped upside down on his back with the best breakable things packed in them.</span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">He owned and brought in the first mowing machine. Mr. R. T. Siler packed the first wagon in on horses; father, the second. After a while we had cattle and hogs to sell, and had to drive them to Tacoma, taking a week to get them there. My dear mother had all the hardships of a woman’s pioneer life, and I believe I did, too. </span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">When we first began to take wagons over the road, there were no ferry boats. So they would unload them, ferry the load over, and then tie two canoes together, put two wheels in each canoe, and take the wagon over, load up, then swim the horses, hitch up, and try it again. Gradually the roads were improved, very gradually until the autos came. Now we can go to Chehalis and back in three hours instead of from six to ten days. </span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">I often wonder what the girls of today [1930] would do if they had to live as we lived. Good boxes for chairs, cupboards, and dressers. The rough walls were papered with newspapers. Maybe one fairly nice dress, and two calico or gingham dresses. But really, with all the hardship there was something fascinating, something satisfying, about the pioneer life. We never worried about what we didn't have or couldn’t have, or what we could or would wear. One felt so free and easy out in God’s great outdoors, with all the beauties of nature. It was inspiring and uplifting. </span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;">I feel now that I could not possibly go through it again. But I am proud to know I have had a part in helping to develop this little part of the world from a wilderness to a beautiful little valley, blessed with all the blessings of civilization. Good houses, good roads, good people, schools, churches, etc.. How slowly and gradually it has all come about. I could write a whole book telling of the hardships and thrilling incidents we all went through and had, but I hardly think it is necessary. Just read between the lines; think what would, could, and did happen in all those years. There were many joys, also heartaches and disappointments. We, the old timers, will soon al be gone, and I hope to a better land. We trust our children and grandchildren will appreciate the heritage we leave them. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms", sans-serif;">This is from an essay Flora May Randle McMahan wrote in 1930. She lived from May 19, 1874 to September 1, 1955. Her father was James Lawson Randle (1843-1920) and her mother was Dicy Caroline Erwin Randle (1846-1930). J. L. Randle served in a unit of the Union army in the war against the Rebellion of the Southern Slaveholders, and was part of a unit that chased Morgan’s Raiders through Indiana. </span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms", sans-serif;">May Randle McMahan’s younger son, Neil (1899-1972) was my Grandma Dorothy’s dad, and my father’s grandfather. I met him briefly when I was not even yet two years old, but I have a vague memory of him, and there is a photograph of me sitting upon his lap, which confirmed that I had met him years later when my parents had forgotten our visit to Randle and I insisted that we had been there when he was alive and I had met him. My grandma Dorthy (Dorothy May, 1922-1998) told me about him, and it seems my dad had a good and close relationship with him (I think my dad’s relationship with his father, my grandfather, was not especially close, but I heard that he spent a lot of time with his Uncle Bob and Grandad Neil). I knew Great Granddad Neil’s wife, my great-grandmother Pearl (1901-1995) very well. She was born in 1901, and so was only in her late 70s and early 80s when I spent a week or two in Randle in the summers of 1978, 1980, and 1981. I learned to drive a car and tractor on the farm that Flora May and her mom (Dicy) and dad (J.L.) settled when they arrived as founders of the town of Randle, and I baled hay on that land about fifty years after May wrote the story. I am glad we had a reaper and baler machine hitched to a tractor, and did not have to do the work with scythe and cradle and pitchfork. </span></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmffefe3fThVvkRAVvT51H5X-rQTt9zA8IyNo3hfNUNXwOEk4wHZia3YlnfJQ2q4Bsvcroisps1s9EEw0y4aayASHkUYRrO_jdIv12RQ_YiA64hIkwntvFzjLHJ8szdf5FKoj1QQ/s1600/Grandad_Neil_with_Eric.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="741" data-original-width="741" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmffefe3fThVvkRAVvT51H5X-rQTt9zA8IyNo3hfNUNXwOEk4wHZia3YlnfJQ2q4Bsvcroisps1s9EEw0y4aayASHkUYRrO_jdIv12RQ_YiA64hIkwntvFzjLHJ8szdf5FKoj1QQ/s320/Grandad_Neil_with_Eric.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">(Neil and Eric, 1969)</div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms", sans-serif;">The “Big Bottom” area of the Cowlitz River valley is a wide and long flat area that must have been a lake thousands of years ago, and it filled up with silt until it became the lovely valley it now is, full of fairly rich and somewhat sandy soil. The Upper Cowlitz tribe that lived in the valley mostly died off in epidemics and malarial fevers in the 1820 and 30s, with survivors fleeing to the Washington coastal region, and the land was left nearly vacant for a few decades until European-Americans settled. In the 1880s when settlers arrived, there were two native families left in the area, and evidently (from May's story above) one of them worked in mail delivery. The settlers tended to be persons (like my Randle ancestors) from Appalachia (especially eastern Kentucky and Tennessee and the Virginia highlands). You may detect some of the eastern Tennessee folkways in my great-great-grandmother's writing as she uses phrases like “I’ve paddled across and back of nights” or the use of “grub” as a verb to mean “work hard under difficult circumstances” when people had to “grub out a little at at time.” </span></span></div><div style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6px;"><span style="font-kerning: none;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzC2-b84sp_C2yDu_iIuDNEHjssZbenLa-39Us7zg25J2nvYvPHhIelv-Rkg60cck4xEWFWTkPnmpV2V5xHv5qN6TUWS3XAIc5StjlfqUWlOyYxqb5N6A1a7rNQ8ED_k3sGGu_uw/s796/Uncle_Bob%2527s_Car.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="512" data-original-width="796" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzC2-b84sp_C2yDu_iIuDNEHjssZbenLa-39Us7zg25J2nvYvPHhIelv-Rkg60cck4xEWFWTkPnmpV2V5xHv5qN6TUWS3XAIc5StjlfqUWlOyYxqb5N6A1a7rNQ8ED_k3sGGu_uw/s320/Uncle_Bob%2527s_Car.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Uncle Bob’s car, 1980 </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">(the first car I drove)</div><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms", sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms", sans-serif;"> As May’s story shows, Dicy and J.L. weren’t the first European-Americans to settle the valley. In addition to Carlisle and the Chilocoats and Silers, there were bachelors living in shacks. These early immigrants to the Cowlitz River Big Bottom might have been living from a mix of hunting and trapping and working in tree-felling and lumber, as there was a sawmill established in the Randle area as early at 1866. Actually, that's one of my earliest memories; the smell of sawdust and the loud sound of the saw, and my father trying to help me see bats up in the sawmill building. That first visit of mine to Randle must have been late in 1969, when I was about 22-23 months old. Anyway, she doesn’t mention the German August W. Joerk, who made a land claim in 1883, probably two years before J.L. Randle made the cabin for his family, and three years before they arrived. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms", sans-serif;">I remember hearing one story about the notorious James brothers (the criminal insurrectionists gang) in connection with family emigrating out Appalachia on their way to the Midwest, and then from there on to the Washington Territory. The story goes that the family was in a wagon with their belongings, and a wheel had broken or become mired in the mud, and some men rode up on their horses and helped the family fix the wagon and get it back on the road. The men were Jesse and Frank James, and possibly some others, and the oral history in the family was that they were kindly and polite. This must have been in the mid-to-late 1870s, before the family headed out to Washington and before the James Gang met their demise. Of course in those days the trains would have been carrying wealthy persons around, and the fact that my ancestors were migrating by wagon may say something about their class status, and I believe that the James Gang was motivated not just out of resentment against the Union, but also out of some class animosity against wealthy persons. Oddly enough, coming down from my mom’s side of the family there was also oral history about the James gang, as my grandmother’s step-father’s grandfather was an engineer on one of the trains robbed by the gang, and his story was that that Frank and the other men were polite and calm and friendly as they robbed the passengers and crew, but that Jesse was nervous and rude, and seemed like he needed his older brother Frank to calm him down. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms", sans-serif;">Anyway, the families that settled the Big Bottom of the Cowlitz River Valley (Randle and Packwood) were mostly farming folk from highlands of the eastern mountains, and they enjoyed hunting, fishing, and being independent and free from interference of urbanized white-collar America. I remember such attitudes being expressed by my great-grandmother and her younger son, my dad’s youngest uncle (my Uncle Bob, who when I was twelve taught me on the farm how to drive and how to run a tractor). There was an endearing parochialism to my great-grandmother’s views of people outside her little corner of the world. I remember her wondering with amazement why anyone would want to go out of the region and end up in a big city like Chehalis or Tacoma, and god-forbid, Seattle. And going out of Washington State seemed to her about as wild and reckless as riding a rocket to the moon. I think she expressed her misgivings about people going away from Randle or Washington State in a good-natured way, but that sort of parochialism is something I’ve noticed about the Pacific Northwest. Consider that by car it’s more than a single day's journey to drive to any large city outside of the Pacific Northwest; leaving Portland, Seattle, or Vancouver you can’t get to Salt Lake City, San Francisco / Sacramento, or Calgary in a single day’s comfortable drive. So, there is a bit of isolation up there. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms", sans-serif;">Another issue that may have made my great-grandmother skeptical of the idea that anyone should leave Randle was her own personal story. Her mom and dad came to the Big Bottom from Iowa, I believe, in the first decade of the 20th century, when she was a young girl. Her parents divorced, which was almost unheard of in those days, and as she told me, most of her siblings went back to Iowa with their mom, and she stayed in Randle with her dad (and I think also perhaps her younger brother, Warren Earl). Great-Grandma Pearl told me with some sadness in her voice about her dad’s misery at the end of the summer when her older siblings would come to visit, and then leave in August to go back to Iowa to stay with their mother, Sarah Alice Pixler (1864-1919). She said her dad (Milton Thomas Moriarty, 1858-1925) would become despondent and mope around (sounds in retrospect like he was prone to major depressive episodes), and say that it hurt so much when the other children left and went back to Iowa that he might wish they never came at all. So, such impressions might have given my great-grandmother a bias against people leaving Randle, I guess.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms", sans-serif;">Reading this narrative by my great-grandmother’s mother-in-law I notice something else; I get the impression that my great-great-grandmother was an excellent story-teller and a decent writer. Her aspirations to make something of herself, and her sense that her isolated childhood and early marriage may have thwarted her educational ambitions, may have been increased by her being an especially talented or intelligent person. I had a similar feeling about her daughter-in-law, my great-grandmother, as she impressed my mind (seeing her as a 10-year-old or 12-year-old boy) as a woman with significant intellectual power, but who lived with no particular venue beyond her family for expressing her talents or intellect, and no particular help in developing her abilities. My grandmother was like this as well; an avid reader and a fairly well-informed person with opinions on many topics, and some of those opinions were quite progressive and well-informed; she was a short-order cook, and quite good at her work, but if she had been born in 2002 instead of 1922, no doubt she would be in college now, perhaps studying at the University of Washington in Seattle. And while I think being a short-order cook is just as admirable as any other occupation, and a good deal more admirable than many vocations, at least with more opportunities for her, or her mom, or her grandmother, I think they could have had lives even more enriched. Each could have shared their abilities in a wider field. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms", sans-serif;"> I’m often aware of this situation with my students, as my university receives many transfer students coming out of Chicago or small Illinois schools who have gone to third-rate public schools and second-rate community colleges (the students who go to the best Illinois K-12 schools—and there are many good ones—tend to prefer the U of I at Urbana or perhaps Northwestern in Evanston or some other private out-of-state school if not Bradley in Peoria). The thing is, in any cohort of 20-30 students making it through the social work program, there are always a few who are intellectually my peers, and several more who could, I’m convinced, have gone to a more prestigious school if they had received the proper preparation in K-12 or if their families had the money it takes to get a better education (UIS may be the most affordable university in Illinois). My university is not bad, but it’s “one of the best small public universities in the Midwest” and accepts about half of all those who apply to attend. We're selective, but not that selective. Sometimes in these students there is that same spark of awareness that they could have done better if life had given them the opportunity. If not for the barriers placed in their way, they would have attended classes without balancing their studies with part-time (or even full-time) jobs, family responsibilities, and the distractions of worrying about whether I will cut their grades because they missed a class when their boss told them to come in to work or face getting fired. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms", sans-serif;"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">Around the same time my dad's ancestors were settling the town of Randle, my mom had ancestors who were relocating to Port Townsend, Washington, and their lives were quite different. As I read Flora May's account of the settler life in the Cascades of the 1880s and 1890s I marvel at the contrast between the lives of these ancestors of mine, one family in Port Townsend living a middle-class life (my great-great grandfather in that family was a hotel manager), with a background in the German intellectual tradition (they were Ifflands, allegedly related, although not by direct descent, to their great uncle August </span>William Iffland, the German playwright). Every one of the six girls in that family in Port Townsend went to college or nursing school (in fact, the eldest daughter, Louise, who was born just three years after Flora May Randle, was the first woman in Jefferson County, Washington, to earn a college degree at the University of Washington). But of course the value in life doesn't come from education or whether one lives in material ease or difficulty. As Flora May expresses it, "we never worried about what we didn't have or couldn't have" and "there was something fascinating, something satisfying" about that life along the Cowlitz. </span></div>
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Eric Hadley-Iveshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07349423480178819276noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19990974.post-77210019141651913082020-04-22T09:27:00.001-07:002020-04-22T09:36:19.064-07:00The numbers out of New York City are way better that I thought possibleA friend in New York, <a href="http://paulbrill.com/" target="_blank">Paul Brill</a> sent me <a href="https://www1.nyc.gov/site/doh/covid/covid-19-data.page" target="_blank">some very encouraging charts</a>. These show deaths and hospital admissions related to COVID-19 in New York City, and the drop-off in daily counts since the peak is much steeper than I imagined possible. The people of New York are doing a great job of keeping up their social distancing (I guess), and the people who aren't doing so well at that seem to have not significantly slowed the positive trend. If we could get the whole country to have this steep of a decline (through social distancing, wearing masks when you are in public, and so forth), we could really shut down this virus for a while.<br />
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The deaths peaked on April 7th, and then had a slow decline until the 11th, but have really been dropping fast since then. This is great news.<br />
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New admissions to the hospital were running high with no trend from March 30th to April 8th, but since then, new COVID-19 admissions have been declining at a fairly steady rate. The drop from April 17th to Monday was especially encouraging. I had no idea we could see a fall-off in new admissions occur at such an encouraging rate.</div>
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The change in rate of positive identifications of persons with COVID-19 isn't as accurate an assessment of reality as the hospitalization and deaths, but even so, it is showing a similar trend, and the trend has been very good since April 14th. Look at what the people of New York accomplished by staying home and maintaining social distance. We can all do this.<br />
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<a href="https://hjstein.blogspot.com/2020/04/covid-19-nyc-stats-not-what-they-seem.html" target="_blank">Harvey J. Stein has some even better charts</a> that give us a similar picture of the overall trend:</div>
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<br />Eric Hadley-Iveshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07349423480178819276noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19990974.post-1523731386199689682020-04-21T21:50:00.001-07:002020-04-21T22:03:52.324-07:00Blood test studies suggesting much higher rates of SARS-CoV-2 infection are flawed, but we need more blood antibody tests, so keep at it.<div style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
<span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Three recent studies suggest many more people have been exposed to SARS-CoV-2 than mainstream medical science has estimated. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">A <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.14.20062463v1.full.pdf"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">Stanford group</span></a> sampled blood from 3,330 persons in Santa Clara County and found 50 of them had antibodies for SARS-CoV-2. There are three problems with their research. The biggest fatal flaw is that they recruited their sample by targeted Facebook advertisements, and there is a probability that persons suspecting or knowing the study had something to do with COVID-19 enrolled in the study in the hopes of getting their blood tested to find out whether they had been exposed to the virus. On the other hand, the Stanford researchers under-sampled persons who don't use Facebook or didn’t have time or ability to drive to the site to get tested, so that probably would lead to an under-count of poor and minorities, but it’s hard to say by how much, and the higher rates of infection in poor and minority communities may have occurred later in the outbreak, with the initial infections being more common in people who were more socially connected to persons who had been in China or Europe recently (wealthier persons like the sample in the Stanford study). Who can say? To their credit, the Stanford team pointed out these sampling problems: The authors admit these weaknesses, in the paper’s caution that: “…other biases, such as bias favoring individuals in good health capable of attending our testing sites, or bias favoring those with prior COVID-like illnesses seeking antibody confirmation are also possible.” </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">A second problem is that their conclusions include a mathematical error in estimating the lower bounds of the confidence interval for the actual rate in the population (even assuming their sample was a representative sample and not biased by eager volunteers who had reason to suspect they had been infected). Combining the Stanford group studies of false positives on known negatives with the data from the test manufacturer, they had a total of 2 false positives in 489 known negatives, so they should have rescaled the uncertainty due to the number of false positives by 1/square-root-of-489 [0.045], but they mistakenly calculated the lower bound error estimate by 1/square-root-of-3,330 [0.017]. When you adjust correctly, their lower bound confidence estimate for the prevalence in Santa Clara County should be about a third lower than it is. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">A third problem is with the test they used and whether it has too many false positives. The test they used has a reported 1-in-245 false positives (for every 245 persons who don't have the antibodies you’ll get a false “hit” that they do). But another study examining a different test from the same manufacturer found a much lower sensitivity, and even ceased testing one test from that manufacturer when they had two false positives in 15 known negatives. Different test, but same manufacturer, so one wonders how good the quality control is and whether all the batches of tests from that company are uniformly at the 1-in-245 rate of false positives.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Another study led by <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/death-rate-german-laboratory-city-5x-less-than-national-average-2020-4" target="_blank">Hendrik Streeck</a> involved checking for antibodies in a German town with about 12,500 inhabitants. That study found antibodies in 70 of 500 persons tested (14%). There are a few problems with this study. First, the test that Streeck’s team used was tested by a Danish research group headed by Ria Lassauniere, and they found that the test has a lower sensitivity than Streeck’s group claimed, and according to the data from Lassauniere's group, the actual count by Streeck could have been 58 positive instead of 70. Streeck and Lassauniere’s groups have conflicting results on the sensitivity (false positive) question, and even so, there are still a lot of people in Heinsberg with the virus.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Another problem is that Streeck’s team sampled households, and since the virus is more likely to spread in households, the rate of infection is likely to be higher in households than in individuals (groups of people living together are at greater risk than individuals because if any one of the group gets it they are likely to spread it to others).</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Finally, the region sampled by Streeck’s team had a big event (like the New Orleans Mardi Gras) that brought a high number of the community together when the virus was spreading, so that region probably has a much higher rate of infection than Germany as a whole.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Another study was conducted by <a href="https://www.bostonglobe.com/2020/04/17/business/nearly-third-200-blood-samples-taken-chelsea-show-exposure-coronavirus/" target="_blank">Massachusetts General Hospital pathologists in Chelsea</a>. They specifically chose to do their work in Chelsea because the hospital was seeing so many cases from that area. They approached people on the street and asked to get a blood sample, but did not give people their results, so they eliminated the bias the Stanford team probably had from attracting people who wanted to be tested. But, they were approaching people out on the street, and this is at a time when people who want to avoid the virus and have the ability to do so are not out on the street much, so the fact that their sample came from people out on the street may bias their results. And, they picked their sampling process because they expected to find very high rates of infection in Chelsea, so you can’t really use that sample to estimate what is going on in Massachusetts or the United States in general. The Chelsea sample was small (200 persons) and the 63 positive cases could be too high because the test they used has a relatively low specificity (the manufacturer says it has 90%, which would suggest a lot of false positives, but Massachusetts General says their testing showed specificity of 99.5%, so very few false positives). The main point is, people walking along the street when we are supposed to be sheltering in home aren't a random sample, and Chelsea probably is a place with a high infection rate, so the sample isn't very good for estimating the infection rate of the United States.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">My earliest estimates about COVID-19 in mid-March took a fatality infection rate of 0.8% as plausible and I did my modeling using that estimate. Rates of death based on antibodies found in blood are still not well understood because these three studies are too early and preliminary, and are too flawed in their sampling and their testing specificity to give us an accurate understanding of how many people have been infected (and what the death rate is). Many estimates now are suggesting infections lead to death in 1% to 2% of cases. These studies suggest (even despite their flaws) that the death rate may be closer to 1% than 2%, and given the high number of persons who are not showing symptoms, that makes sense to me.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">There are two facts that really contradict these studies in terms of how lethal infection from the SARS-CoV-2 is. First of all, we have some cases where almost entire populations have been infected (like cruise ships, or hospital staff at hospitals in Wuhan), and from those cases we can see death rates in that 1% to 2% range, not down around 0.2% or even 0.5%. Secondly, COVID 19 has been around in Europe and North America for about ten weeks, and has already killed far more people than the seasonal flu ever does in such a short time. Over the course of a year, the seasonal flu virus probably infects between 10% and 35% of Americans, and kills tens of thousands of us. Even these very flawed studies are suggesting that SARS-CoV-2 has infected fewer persons than the seasonal flu, but we are seeing death rates far, far higher than the flu. For example, the seasonal flu never kills 1,500 to 2,000 persons per day in the USA, and COVID-19 has been doing that for the past couple weeks despite the fact that most Americans have been socially isolating for over a month. These actual facts tell us enough to understand that estimates of death rates of 0.1% (similar to the flu) are not plausible. We can also look at societies with mass testing (like Korea, Taiwan, etc.) and see that death rates are well above the common flu level of 0.1%. And, COVID-19 seems to do a lot more damage in a lot more ways than the flu. People with mild cases of COVID-19 may be suffering permanent lung damage, liver damage, kidney damage, neurological problems, and other things we don't typically see with the flu.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">There are other issues with the <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.14.20062463v1"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">Stanford study</span></a>. Eran Bendavid, Andrew Bogan, and Jay Bhattacharya are among the co-authors in that study, and I think they have somewhat damaged or even ruined their reputations among scientists (or anyone who understands issues of sensitivity and selectivity in testing, or issues of getting representative samples, or ethical issues of revealing conflicts of interest). In other words, scientists who look at these papers and what has been going on around them are going to be dismissive of the people involved, who sometimes seem to be motivated more by an ideological agenda than a desire for an accurate understanding of what is going on.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Back in March (on the 24th of March) I recall reading an idiotic editorial in Wall Street Journal (which is to be expected; editorials in the WSJ typically show little evidence of sound thinking or awareness of facts). In that editorial Eran Bendavid and Jay Bhattacharya (associated with Stanford, and members of the Stanford Group that has done the research in Santa Clara county) were suggesting that SARS-CoV-2 wasn’t so deadly, because on March 19th a study of 450 NBA athletes showed that 10 of them had already been exposed to the virus. They went on to make the ridiculous suggestion that NBA players were sort of like the general American population. That was ridiculous because NBA players breathe heavily, sweat, and stand close to each other, bump into each other, and so forth as part of their job. Their infection rates therefore ought to be much higher than the general population. Their editorial ignored this fact, which was essentially scientific malpractice (perhaps the editors at the WSJ trimmed their editorial and cut out the caveats). </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Jay Bhattacharya <a href="https://www.hoover.org/research/questioning-conventional-wisdom-covid-19-crisis-dr-jay-bhattacharya-1"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">said in an interview</span></a> that “I think we have a very, very strong responsibility to be utterly honest as we can be about what we know and we don't know” That is good, but what about the language in their draft paper and the writing about it? Is it honest about the degree of confidence we can have in their work? To their credit, the Stanford Team admits in <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-01095-0/"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">a pre-review paper</span></a>, that “If new estimates indicate test specificity to be less than 97.9%, our SARS-CoV-2 prevalence estimate would change from 2.8% to less than 1%, and the lower uncertainty bound of our estimate would include zero.” That’s good science. Yet, <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-01095-0/"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">the article in<i> Nature</i> (!) By Smriti Mallapaty</span></a> begins with this:</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">“Widespread antibody testing in a Californian county has revealed a much higher prevalence of coronavirus infection than official figures suggested. The findings also indicate that the virus is less deadly than current estimates of global case and death counts suggest.”</span></span></blockquote>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">However, the Stanford group’s tests did not reveal a much higher prevalence, they revealed a possibility—one very much diminished in its likelihood if their blood test was not especially accurate or their sampling method was biased—that prevalence is higher than estimated. The study also suggests that the virus may be less deadly than global case and death counts suggest, but that is already a widespread assumption, since testing and case counts are highly biased in terms of only including persons with the most severe cases. That is, we are seeing about 7% of known cases with people entering hospitals and clinical care ending in death, but no one really thinks the virus kills 7% of the people it infects. Everyone understands that most people who get COVID-19 never show up for clinical care, and some portion of persons infected with the virus (estimates still vary between 20% and 80%) remain asymptomatic for a long time (or possibly for the full course of their infection). These three flawed studies suggest that the actual percentage of infected persons who are pre-symptomatic or have no symptoms may be closer to the 80% estimate than the 20% estimate, but even so, basing our estimates of actual infection rates in the population depend much on our counts of sick persons, dying or dead persons, and positive tests from the nasal swabs and so forth, and we're not testing everyone, and we're not even counting all the people who die from COVID-19, so we still don't have a firm grasp on what is going on. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">How <a href="https://www.extremetech.com/extreme/309500-how-deadly-is-covid-19-new-stanford-study-raises-questions"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">sensitive and selective was the test used by the Stanford group</span></a>? The authors say they tried it first on 30 controls, and then on 88 controls, and it never had a false positive with those controls. That's good. That’s 100% sensitivity in 118 cases. The manufacturer of the test reported sensitivity of 99.5% and 99.2%, also good. However, the Stanford study’s test kit was very similar to ones evaluated in another <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.09.20056325v1.full.pdf"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">pre-review paper (not yet peer reviewed) by Ria Lassauniere and colleagues</span></a> that showed that the accuracy of negative values were 91%, 89%, 89%, and 74% on tests of 89 controls (persons who had never had COVID-19). The test on 2019-nCoV IgG/IgM Rapid Test Cassette (Hangzhou Alltest Biotech, Hangzhou, China; Cat # INCP-402) had 2 false positives out of 15 persons known to have not been infected. The Alltest Biotech assay was such a poor performer that Lassauniere’s group stopped testing it. The test used by Battacharya and Bendavid and Bogan was from Alltest Biotech, but was a different test, and didn’t give a single false positive on 118 control samples, so Alltest Biotech must have come out with a better version of their test than the one examined by Lassauniere's team, but I still wonder how many of the 50 positives Bendavid, Battacharya and their team found in their sample of 3,320 were false positives. We really need to see these antibody sero-prevalence tests standardized with tests on hundreds or thousands of controls to get a better understanding of their true sensitivity. The manufacturer of the kit used by the Stanford group reported 2 false positives in 371 true negatives, a rate of 99.5% accuracy for specificity. Let's just say, the idea that the test used by the Stanford team had a specificity under 97.9 percent is plausible, but the testing on a total of 489 known negatives that turned up only 2 false positives can give some confidence that their test is probably not giving us a high number of false positives. My conclusion; the sampling issue is magnitudes more significant in undermining their findings than problems with false positives from their tests, but that is also a concern.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">What about sampling? If you are going to extrapolate from a sample of 3,320 persons to make a conclusion about the population from which they were drawn, you must try to get a random sample or at least a representative sample. Bhattacharya already has shown a weakness for misunderstanding representative sampling in his WSJ editorial in which he suggested NBA players are a reasonable sample to use for making speculations about the populations of cities hosting NBA teams.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Well, the sampling in the Stanford Study relied on Facebook targeted advertisements, and as I already quoted, the authors themselves admit that people may have wanted to be tested, and that may have contaminated or biased their sample. Sure, of course it did. In early April it was difficult to get tested. If I had been having some symptoms and couldn't get a nasal swab test and someone offered to test my blood to see if I had antibodies, I would have been eager to be in that sample, and I would have told all my friends with similar symptoms about the experiment and urged them to get into the sample as well. If anything like that happened in Santa Clara County, the Stanford Group’s study is not likely to give us accurate information. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Another problem I have is with one of the Stanford team’s co-authors named Andrew Bogan. He wrote <a href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/new-data-suggest-the-coronavirus-isnt-as-deadly-as-we-thought-11587155298"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">an article in the Wall Street Journal</span></a> in which he discussed the Stanford group’s study, and never mentioned that he is a co-author on that study and part of the Stanford group (!), and that is not ethical. It makes the whole Stanford team look bad. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-kerning: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">If you want to see someone else take down this study, check out the video by <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R8Pv77R3g1E&feature=share&fbclid=IwAR1KiiVAswDa_-X8YzuwDUqdTYg7m-x_kPBt2kCj7WxhmC3qRLIZxDPgoQA"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">Chris Martenson</span></a>. </span></span></div>
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Eric Hadley-Iveshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07349423480178819276noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19990974.post-43899843877644727072020-04-20T18:06:00.003-07:002020-04-20T23:29:16.591-07:00The USA may have peaked in deaths per day from COVID-19 (sometime around April 16-19)The USA was supposed to reach a peak in mid-to-late April in terms of the COVID-19 pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2. I have not been paying attention much to the "new cases" or "total cases" since those numbers in the USA reflect how many people are being tested and what criteria are being applied to decide who will be tested, and the results may not reflect the actual spread of the virus very well. I have instead been paying attention to deaths attributed to COVID-19. That said, even the data on that are highly suspect; many persons die without being tested, and it is rare to waste a precious test on a cadaver. When epidemiologists compare deaths this year to deaths a year ago, any increases probably show the influenced of COVID-19. The non-pharmaceutical interventions (almost everyone staying home) reduces communicable diseases such as the seasonal flu and deaths related to people being out and about (drunken homicides related to fights at bars, traffic deaths, etc.), so keep in mind that deaths-per-day related to COVID-19 are still rough approximations of the problem. I've observed four sources for estimates of deaths per day: the <a href="https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/" target="_blank">World-o-Meter Covid-19 update</a> seems pretty good. <a href="https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/us-map" target="_blank">Johns Hopkins University</a> is another good source. <a href="https://ourworldindata.org/coronavirus" target="_blank">Our World in Data</a> and CNN also have some good maps (but their color schemes don't offer enough contrast) and <a href="https://www.cnn.com/interactive/2020/health/coronavirus-us-maps-and-cases/" target="_blank">data sources</a>.<br />
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Here is a chart from Johns Hopkins showing deaths per day in the USA:<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPNBvmDn826QMYM6Dn3gkB6R3J4BVaUN75ZY2KjZF1oG-3ea3a-tbSUvfZlqpHyy1Nw1v4hKA-VF8dC0j-8rzfTbH8zxEdNpO9JNz2jeDhzaGHMnqO_hUbFmF45FT3MRn2_yKjdg/s1600/Screen+Shot+2020-04-20+at+7.47.30+PM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="554" data-original-width="570" height="388" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPNBvmDn826QMYM6Dn3gkB6R3J4BVaUN75ZY2KjZF1oG-3ea3a-tbSUvfZlqpHyy1Nw1v4hKA-VF8dC0j-8rzfTbH8zxEdNpO9JNz2jeDhzaGHMnqO_hUbFmF45FT3MRn2_yKjdg/s400/Screen+Shot+2020-04-20+at+7.47.30+PM.png" width="400" /></a></div>
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I downloaded data from NBC, put them in a spreadsheet, and ran the death rate with five-day averages (every day's death count was replaced with the average of the previous two days, that day, and the following two days) to smooth out the chart, and came up with this:<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvAaUxeCKnP40-Zy6sBEKL1AlYWFni-HmnLFR4__lG1nZGlhbNSfkoU3q75N6Lz6IIuNGqEtBwGgz0x4jD2JF9OW8IFb2eH62cf97zdt5-j6ccp3BrOCGinFKdirpwwty3dduuhg/s1600/Screen+Shot+2020-04-20+at+7.29.51+PM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="706" data-original-width="1069" height="420" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvAaUxeCKnP40-Zy6sBEKL1AlYWFni-HmnLFR4__lG1nZGlhbNSfkoU3q75N6Lz6IIuNGqEtBwGgz0x4jD2JF9OW8IFb2eH62cf97zdt5-j6ccp3BrOCGinFKdirpwwty3dduuhg/s640/Screen+Shot+2020-04-20+at+7.29.51+PM.png" width="640" /></a></div>
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The data sources are different, so the charts look a little different, but both charts show a decline just now (April 19th and 20th seem to have had fewer deaths than the preceding several days). This may be a sign that we have actually peaked in our deaths-per-day, or it could be something like the dip in deaths-per-day that the NBC data have for April 10th-12th. </div>
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Deaths seem to come (on average) about 18 days after people get infected, but the range is huge (something like 15-45 days from infection). Because the length of time between infection and death isn't normally distributed (it is very skewed; almost no one dies within 10 days of infection, and most die in the 12-24 days after infection, but still a lot of people die in the 25-50th day after infection), we should expect the decline in deaths per day to be much more gradual than the steep increase we saw in March and April up to the 16th of April. </div>
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The orders to stay at home and the way people have been obeying those orders, as well as the habit of wearing masks in public have seemingly helped us as a country stop the growth in deaths per day. It is important to wear masks in public because a quarter to three-quarters of persons infected by the virus are not showing symptoms because the virus is slow to express itself in symptoms and many persons (currently plausible estimates made by experts and researchers vary from 20% to 80%) never do show symptoms never do show symptoms, but asymptomatic and pre-symptomatic persons can spread the virus. Wearing a mask reduces the water droplets that float in the air around you as you breathe or speak, and thus reduce the virus count you are putting out (if you are infected) into the air around you. Inhaling a billion viruses is likely to cause a worse problem than inhaling a thousand viruses, so please wear the masks to show your solidarity with everyone and show your recognition of the fact that it is easy to be a carrier of SARS-CoV-19 without knowing it.</div>
<br />Eric Hadley-Iveshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07349423480178819276noreply@blogger.com0